A Systematic Literature Review of Medical Chatbot Research from a Behavior Change Perspective
Abstract
From a perspective of behavioral change, we review medical chatbot literature included in top peer-reviewed journals and conferences, and build up a comprehensive picture. We examine literature on how people feel about using a medical chatbot and based on that how far chatbots are useful to change harmful behavior. To structure the review we use the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Based on this we conclude five design-oriented recommendations. We expect this research to identify behavioral aspects that contribute to the acceptance, usage and effectiveness of medical chatbots in future.
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Results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest chatbots have high potential for healthcare and psychiatric use, such as promoting antipsychotic medication adherence and reducing stress, anxiety, and/or depression symptoms.
“Results from a few systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that chatbots have a high potential for healthcare and psychiatric use, such as promoting antipsychotic medication adherence as well as reducing stress, anxiety, and/or depression symptoms [1, 25, 26].”
From A systematic review of artificial intelligence chatbots for promoting physical activity, healthy diet, and weight loss (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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van Baal, S. T., Le, S. T. T., Fatehi, F., Verdejo‐García, A., & Hohwy, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2xuat · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Healthcare Chatbot: Sanjeevani
Ranjan, A. (2022) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2022.44782 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Design of REST API Client for Conversational Agent using Large Language Model with Open API System
Park, S.-G., Kim, A., Lee, S., Lee, H., Kamyod, C., & Kim, C. G. (2024) · IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA) · doi:10.1109/sera61261.2024.10685639 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sestino, A., & D’Angelo, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32614-1_17 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Medical Insurance Virtual Assistant: Vaidya
Mehta, D., & Singh, S. P. (2022) · International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I) · doi:10.1109/ic3i56241.2022.10072984 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Designing a Randomized Trial with an Age Simulation Suit—Representing People with Health Impairments
Timm, I. J., Spaderna, H., Rodermund, S. C., Lohr, C., Buettner, R., & Berndt, J. O. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010027 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital Health Partner: AI for Customized Treatments with RAG and LLM
Narsimhulu, K., & Ali, S. (2025) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25jun282 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Healthcare Using Generative AI: Integrating Medical Report Analysis and Conversational Intelligence
Chittem, M. B., K, S. S., Ghanta, S., & Pradhan, A. K. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Signal Processing (AISP) · doi:10.1109/aisp68263.2025.11396293 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deployment of Medibot in Medical Field
Reshmanth, P., Sushanth, P., Yogitha, C., R., R., & Aishwarya (2022) · ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONVERGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.33130/ajct.2022v08i01.015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conversational Agents in Software Engineering: Survey, Taxonomy and ChallengesPreprint
Motger, Q., Franch, X., & Marco, J. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Data Science Mentoring Support using Neural Networks
Trinidad, M. J. C., Coelho, F. B., Canchumuni, S. W. A., & Pacheco, M. A. C. (2021) · International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications · doi:10.1109/iccsa54496.2021.00045
A Structured Literature Review on Conversational Agents that Empower Health Interventions
Pietrantoni, N. (2023) · International Conference on Information Systems and Software Technologies (ICI2ST) · doi:10.1109/ici2st62251.2023.00024
VitaChat – An Enhanced Healthcare Assisting Chatbot
Dixit, R. K., Ankam, R. P., Gunjal, S., Deshpande, S. N., & Gaddam, N. S. (2025) · International Conference on Sensors and Related Networks (SENNET) · doi:10.1109/sennet64220.2025.11135989
Sardar, H., Azam, A., Azam, M., & Ramzan, M. (2026) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/el-10-2025-0435
Chavan, A., Patil, M. P. G., Patil, A., Kotkar, S. R., & Angadi, S. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0327422
Yang, X., Wang, X., Tse, N., Wang, Z. J., Mak, W. W. S., Mo, P. K.-H., Wong, S. Y.-S., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, L. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08375-5
- Authors
- Gentner, T., Neitzel, T., Schulze, J., & Buettner, R.
- Affiliations
- Hochschule Aalen (DE)
- Venue
- 2020 IEEE 44th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2020-07
- Pages
- 735-740
- ISSN
- 0730-3157 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3088057567
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC) (publishedVersion)
- OPUS (Aalen University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- healthcare chatbots, behavior change, theory of planned behavior, theory of reasoned action, user acceptance, chatbot design, harmful behavior, health behavior interventions
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