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The Power of Ensembles for Active Learning in Image Classification
Abstract
Deep learning methods have become the de-facto standard for challenging image processing tasks such as image classification. One major hurdle of deep learning approaches is that large sets of labeled data are necessary, which can be prohibitively costly to obtain, particularly in medical image diagnosis applications. Active learning techniques can alleviate this labeling effort. In this paper we investigate some recently proposed methods for active learning with high-dimensional data and convolutional neural network classifiers. We compare ensemble-based methods against Monte-Carlo Dropout and geometric approaches. We find that ensembles perform better and lead to more calibrated predictive uncertainties, which are the basis for many active learning algorithms. To investigate why Monte-Carlo Dropout uncertainties perform worse, we explore potential differences in isolation in a series of experiments. We show results for MNIST and CIFAR-10, on which we achieve a test set accuracy of 90% with roughly 12,200 labeled images, and initial results on ImageNet. Additionally, we show results on a large, highly class-imbalanced diabetic retinopathy dataset. We observe that the ensemble-based active learning effectively counteracts this imbalance during acquisition.
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“We observe that this difference is maintained in the other cycles, including the last active learning cycle where our method outperforms the semisupervised method, multi-model methods [9, 12] and the best AL method [5] by 1 . 6% .”
From Not All Labels Are Equal: Rationalizing The Labeling Costs for Training Object Detection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Rethinking deep active learning: Using unlabeled data at model trainingPreprint
Siméoni, O., Budnik, M., Avrithis, Y., & Gravier, G. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.08177 · Cited by 22
When Active Learning Meets Implicit Semantic Data Augmentation
Chen, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, P., Chen, J., & Li, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19806-9_4 · Cited by 16
Active learning for left ventricle segmentation in echocardiography
Alajrami, E., Ng, T., Jevsikov, J., Naidoo, P., Fernandes, P., Azarmehr, N., Dinmohammadi, F., Shun-Shin, M. J., Serej, N. D., Francis, D. P., et al. (2024) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108111 · Cited by 16
Monocular 3D Object Detection with LiDAR Guided Semi Supervised Active Learning
Hekimoglu, A., Schmidt, M., & Marcos-Ramiro, A. (2023) · IEEE Workshop/Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv57701.2024.00234 · Cited by 22
Structural Semantic Adversarial Active Learning for Image Captioning
Zhang, B., Li, L., Su, L., Wang, S., Deng, J., Zha, Z.-J., & Huang, Q. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3394171.3413885 · Cited by 16
Du, X., Wang, H., Zhu, Z., Zeng, X., Chang, Y., Zhang, J., Xing, E. P., & Xu, M. (2021) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab123 · Cited by 16
Accelerating Neural Architecture Search via Proxy Data
Na, B., Mok, J., Choe, H., & Yoon, S. (2021) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/392 · Cited by 16
An Active and Contrastive Learning Framework for Fine-Grained Off-Road Semantic Segmentation
Gao, B., Zhao, X., & Zhao, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3218403 · Cited by 17
Reducing Spatial Labeling Redundancy for Active Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting
Liu, Y., Ren, S., Chai, L., Wu, H., Xu, D., Qin, J., & He, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3232712 · Cited by 16
Minimax Active LearningPreprint
Ebrahimi, S., Gan, W., Chen, D., Biamby, G., Salahi, K., Laielli, M., Zhu, S., & Darrell, T. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.10467 · Cited by 30
Active Prompt Learning in Vision Language Models
Bang, J., Ahn, S., & Lee, J.-G. (2024) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52733.2024.02550 · Cited by 19
UniSAL: Unified Semi-supervised Active Learning for histopathological image classification
Zhong, L., Qian, K., Liao, X., Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., & Wang, G. (2025) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2025.103542 · Cited by 16
Afshari, A., Vogel, J., & Chockalingam, G. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15184447 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Beluch, W. H., Genewein, T., Nurnberger, A., & Kohler, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Robert Bosch (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Genewein, Tim
- Venue
- 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2018-06
- Pages
- 9368-9377
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2798820905
- Cited by
- 655
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 22.66
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Algorithms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Data Classification
- Keywords
- active learning (machine learning), image classification, ensemble methods, Monte Carlo dropout, uncertainty estimation, convolutional neural networks, class imbalance, diabetic retinopathy, medical image diagnosis, high-dimensional data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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