Neural Prototype Trees for Interpretable Fine-grained Image Recognition
Open accessAbstract
Prototype-based methods use interpretable representations to address the black-box nature of deep learning models, in contrast to post-hoc explanation methods that only approximate such models. We propose the Neural Prototype Tree (ProtoTree), an intrinsically interpretable deep learning method for fine-grained image recognition. ProtoTree combines prototype learning with decision trees, and thus results in a globally interpretable model by design. Additionally, ProtoTree can locally explain a single prediction by outlining a decision path through the tree. Each node in our binary tree contains a trainable prototypical part. The presence or absence of this learned prototype in an image determines the routing through a node. Decision making is therefore similar to human reasoning: Does the bird have a red throat? And an elongated beak? Then it’s a hummingbird! We tune the accuracy-interpretability trade-off using ensemble methods, pruning and binarizing. We apply pruning without sacrificing accuracy, resulting in a small tree with only 8 learned prototypes along a path to classify a bird from 200 species. An ensemble of 5 ProtoTrees achieves competitive accuracy on the CUB-200-2011 and Stanford Cars data sets. Code is available at github.com/M-Nauta/ProtoTree.
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ProtoTree does not require manual formulation of prototypes or concepts.
“Hence, no manual formulation of prototypes or concepts is required.”
From Explainable AI in medical imaging: An overview for clinical practitioners – Beyond saliency-based XAI approaches (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
ProtoTree provides local and global explanations using a decision tree that is explainable by design.
“In this sense, ProtoTree (Neural Prototype Trees) [62] provides a local and global explanation utilizing a decision tree that is explainable by design.”
From Explainable AI in medical imaging: An overview for clinical practitioners – Beyond saliency-based XAI approaches (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
ProtoTree's hierarchical structure is intended to increase interpretability and lead to more insights regarding clusters in the data by exploiting positive and negative reasoning.
“Its hierarchical structure is intended to increase interpretability and lead to more insights regarding clusters in the data by exploiting the positive and the negative reasoning process.”
From Explainable AI in medical imaging: An overview for clinical practitioners – Beyond saliency-based XAI approaches (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
ProtoTree requires no manual formulation of prototypes/concepts.
“No manual formulation of prototypes/ concepts is required”
From Explainable AI in medical imaging: An overview for clinical practitioners – Beyond saliency-based XAI approaches (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
ProtoTree has possibility of ambiguous result.
“Possibility of ambiguous result”
From Explainable AI in medical imaging: An overview for clinical practitioners – Beyond saliency-based XAI approaches (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Nauta, M., van Bree, R., & Seifert, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Venue
- 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2021-06
- Pages
- 14928-14938
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3108752471
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 19.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Keywords
- prototype learning, decision tree, explainable deep learning, fine-grained image classification, explainable AI, local explanations, accuracy-interpretability trade-off, tree pruning, ensemble methods, binarization, bird species classification, CUB-200-2011, Stanford Cars
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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