The iNaturalist Species Classification and Detection Dataset
Abstract
Existing image classification datasets used in computer vision tend to have a uniform distribution of images across object categories. In contrast, the natural world is heavily imbalanced, as some species are more abundant and easier to photograph than others. To encourage further progress in challenging real world conditions we present the iNaturalist species classification and detection dataset, consisting of 859,000 images from over 5,000 different species of plants and animals. It features visually similar species, captured in a wide variety of situations, from all over the world. Images were collected with different camera types, have varying image quality, feature a large class imbalance, and have been verified by multiple citizen scientists. We discuss the collection of the dataset and present extensive baseline experiments using state-of-the-art computer vision classification and detection models. Results show that current non-ensemble based methods achieve only 67% top one classification accuracy, illustrating the difficulty of the dataset. Specifically, we observe poor results for classes with small numbers of training examples suggesting more attention is needed in low-shot learning.
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Biases are not limited to geographical provenance: the type of sensors used, the species they depict, and the imbalance in the number of individuals observed per species must also be considered when training or using models to avoid potentially catastrophic drop-offs in accuracy.
“Biases are not limited to the geographical provenance of images: the type of sensors used (RGB vs. infrared or thermal), the species they depict, and the imbalance in the number of individuals observed per species55,132 must also be considered when training or using models to avoid potentially catastrophic drop-offs in accuracy”
From Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
Many open imagery repositories such as Artportalen.se, Naturgucker.de, and Waarneming.nl collect images from specific regions, and most contributions on iNaturalist come from the Northern hemisphere.
“For example, many open imagery repositories such as Artportalen.se, Naturgucker.de, and Waarneming.nl collect images from specific regions, and most contributions on iNaturalist132 (see Table 2) come from the Northern hemisphere.”
From Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
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Few-Shot Learning With Localization in Realistic Settings
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A Survey on Long-Tailed Visual Recognition
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Interpretable and Accurate Fine-grained Recognition via Region Grouping
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MOS: Towards Scaling Out-of-distribution Detection for Large Semantic Space
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Long- Tailed Recognition via Weight Balancing
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When Does Self-supervision Improve Few-Shot Learning?
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Deep Learning in Image-Based Plant Phenotyping
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Three Frontiers for the Future of Biodiversity Research Using Citizen Science Data
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Bag of Tricks for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
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Object detection and tracking in Precision Farming: a systematic review
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SIM-Trans: Structure Information Modeling Transformer for Fine-grained Visual Categorization
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Animal Kingdom: A Large and Diverse Dataset for Animal Behavior Understanding
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Exponential Moving Average Normalization for Self-supervised and Semi-supervised Learning
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Multi-Label Learning from Single Positive Labels
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Van Horn, G., Mac Aodha, O., Song, Y., Cui, Y., Sun, C., Shepard, A., Adam, H., Perona, P., & Belongie, S.
- Affiliations
- Google (United States) (US)
- Cornell Tech (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2018-06
- Pages
- 8769-8778
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2797977484
- Semantic Scholar
- 05eb6eb4ea7d2b332295dfa5aeb64d5f47c1e628
- Cited by
- 1,451
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 150 · 2025: 261 · 2024: 261 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 26.45
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Smart Agriculture and AI
- Keywords
- species classification, species detection, iNaturalist, class imbalance, citizen science, plant images, animal imagery, few-shot learning, image classification, object detection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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