Weakly-supervised learning for Parkinson's Disease tremor detection
Abstract
Continuous, automated monitoring of Parkinsons Disease (PD) symptoms would provide clinicians with more information to understand their patients' disease progression and adjust treatment protocols, thereby improving PD care. Collecting precisely labeled data for Parkinson's symptoms, such as tremor, is difficult. Therefore, algorithms for monitoring should only require weakly-labeled training data. In this paper, we evaluate five standard weakly-supervised algorithms and propose a "stratified" version of three of the algorithms, which take advantage of knowing the approximate amount of tremor within each segment. In particular, we analyze PD tremor detection performance as training segments increase in length from 30 seconds to 10 minutes, and labels thereby become less precise. As segment length increases to 10 minutes, standard algorithms are not able to discriminate tremor from non-tremor. However, our stratified algorithms, which can make use of more nuanced labels, show little decrease in performance as segment length increases.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several works have introduced systems and methods for monitoring and assessing Parkinson disease symptoms.
“Specifically, several works have introduced systems and methods for monitoring and assessing Parkinson disease (PD) symptoms [31,32,33,34,35,36].”
From Deep Learning in Human Activity Recognition with Wearable Sensors: A Review on Advances (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
Cites
Goetz, C. G., Tilley, B. C., Shaftman, S. R., Stebbins, G. T., Fahn, S., Martinez‐Martin, P., Poewe, W., Sampaio, C., Stern, M. B., Dodel, R., et al. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22340 · Cited by 7,536 · see citing works
Solving the multiple instance problem with axis-parallel rectangles
Dietterich, T. G., Lathrop, R. H., & Lozano-Pérez, T. (1997) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(96)00034-3 · Cited by 2,866 · see citing works
Support Vector Machines for Multiple-Instance Learning
Andrews, S. J., Tsochantaridis, I., & Hofmann, T. F. (2002) · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
EM-DD: An Improved Multiple-Instance Learning Technique
Zhang, Q., & Goldman, S. A. (2001) · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Monitoring Motor Fluctuations in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Using Wearable Sensors
Patel, S., Lorincz, K., Hughes, R., Huggins, N., Growdon, J., Standaert, D., Akay, M., Dy, J., Welsh, M., & Bonato, P. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2009.2033471 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Multiple instance classification: Review, taxonomy and comparative study
Amores, J. (2013) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2013.06.003 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Salarian, A., Russmann, H., Wider, C., Burkhard, P. R., Vingerhoets, F. J. G., & Aminian, K. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2006.886670 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Detecting and monitoring the symptoms of Parkinson's disease using smartphones: A pilot study
Arora, S., Venkataraman, V., Zhan, A., Donohue, S., Biglan, K. M., Dorsey, E. R., & Little, M. A. (2015) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.02.026 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Estimating Labels from Label Proportions
Quadrianto, N., Smola, A. J., Caetano, T. S., & Le, Q. V. (2009) · doi:10.5555/1577069.1755865 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Neural Networks for Multi-Instance Learning
Zhou, Z., & Zhang, M.-L. (2002) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Dynamical Learning and Tracking of Tremor and Dyskinesia From Wearable Sensors
Cole, B. T., Roy, S. H., Luca, C. J. D., & Nawab, S. H. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2014.2310904 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Estimating labels from label proportions
Quadrianto, N., Smola, A. J., Caetano, T. S., & Le, Q. V. (2008) · International Conference on Machine Learning · doi:10.1145/1390156.1390254 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Unsupervised home monitoring of Parkinson's disease motor symptoms using body-worn accelerometers
Fisher, J. M., Hammerla, N., Plötz, T., András, P., Rochester, L., & Walker, R. W. (2016) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.09.009 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Arora, S., Venkataraman, V., Donohue, S., Biglan, K., Dorsey, E. R., & Little, M. A. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6854280 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Learning Bayesian network classifiers from label proportions
Hernández-González, J., Inza, I., & Lozano, J. A. (2013) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2013.05.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pierleoni, P., Palma, L., Belli, A., & Pernini, L. (2014) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2014.6864317 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Learning about individuals from group statisticsPreprint
Kück, H., & de Freitas, N. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.1393 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Das, S., Amoedo, B., de la Torre, F. N., & Hodgins, J. K. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346767 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationA Wearable Accelerometer System for Unobtrusive Monitoring of Parkinson's Diease Motor Symptoms
Khan, F. M., Barnathan, M., Montgomery, M., Myers, S., COTE, L. J., & Loftus, S. L. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE) · doi:10.1109/bibe.2014.18 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 20 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Deep Learning in Human Activity Recognition with Wearable Sensors: A Review on Advances
Zhang, S., Li, Y., Zhang, S., Shahabi, F., Xia, S., Deng, Y., & Alshurafa, N. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041476 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
“Specifically, several works have introduced systems and methods for monitoring and assessing Parkinson disease (PD) symptoms [89, 119, 150, 189, 277, 322].”
BackgroundParkinson’s Disease Tremor Detection in the Wild Using Wearable Accelerometers
San-Segundo, R., Zhang, A., Cebulla, A., Panev, S., Tabor, G. F., Stebbins, K., Massa, R. E., Whitford, A. S., de la Torre, F. N., & Hodgins, J. K. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20205817 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationPapadopoulos, A., Kyritsis, K., Klingelhoefer, L., Bostanjopoulou, S., Chaudhuri, K. R., & Delopoulos, A. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961748 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Goyal, J., Khandnor, P., & Aseri, T. C. (2020) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2020.103955 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Papadopoulos, A., Iakovakis, D., Klingelhoefer, L., Bostantjopoulou, S., Chaudhuri, К. R., Kyritsis, K., Hadjidimitriou, S., Charisis, V. S., Hadjileontiadis, L. J., & Delopoulos, A. N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78418-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lauraitis, A., Maskeliūnas, R., Damaševičius, R., Połap, D., & Woźniak, M. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2891729 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
$S$ -Band Sensing-Based Motion Assessment Framework for Cerebellar Dysfunction Patients
Yang, X., Shah, S. A., Ren, A., Fan, D., Zhao, N., Zheng, S., Zhao, W., Wang, W., Soh, P. J., & Abbasi, Q. H. (2018) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2018.2861906 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Quantitative assessment of essential tremor based on machine learning methods using wearable device
Ma, C., Li, D., Pan, L., Li, X., Yin, C., Li, A., Zhang, Z., & Zong, R. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103244 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kyritsis, K., Fagerberg, P., Ioakimidis, I., Chaudhuri, К. R., Reichmann, H., Klingelhoefer, L., & Delopoulos, A. N. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80394-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Park, K. W., Mirian, M. S., & McKeown, M. J. (2024) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2023-189 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Parkinson's Disease Action Tremor Detection with Supervised-Leaning Models
Sun, M., Jung, W., Koltermann, K., Zhou, G., Watson, A., Blackwell, G. G., Helm, N., Cloud, L. J., & Pretzer‐Aboff, I. (2023) · IEEE/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1145/3580252.3586977 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ma, C., Zhang, P., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Pan, L., Li, X., Yin, C., Li, A., Zong, R., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106741 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wearable-Sensor-Based Weakly Supervised Parkinson’s Disease Assessment with Data Augmentation
Yue, P., Li, Z., Zhou, M., Wang, X., & Yang, P. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24041196 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
TremorSense: Tremor Detection for Parkinson's Disease Using Convolutional Neural Network
Sun, M., Watson, A., Blackwell, G. G., Jung, W., Wang, S., Koltermann, K., Helm, N., Zhou, G., Cloud, L. J., & Pretzer‐Aboff, I. (2021) · IEEE/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1109/chase52844.2021.00009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Comparing laboratory and in-the-wild data for continuous Parkinson’s Disease tremor detection
Zhang, A., De la Torre, F., & Hodgins, J. (2020) · 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176255 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationWeakly Supervised Learning for Evaluating Road Surface Condition from Wheelchair Driving Data
Watanabe, T., Takahashi, H., Iwasawa, Y., Matsuo, Y., & Yairi, I. E. (2019) · Information · doi:10.3390/info11010002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yairi, I., Takahashi, H., Watanabe, T., Nagamine, K., Fukushima, Y., Matsuo, Y., & Iwasawa, Y. (2019) · Inf. · doi:10.3390/info10030114 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Robust Foot Motion Recognition Using Stride Detection and Weak Supervision-Based Fast Labeling
Hua, R., & Wang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3075151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Passive Monitoring of Parkinson Tremor in Daily Life: A Prototypical Network Approach
Evers, L. J. W., Raykov, Y. P., Heskes, T., Krijthe, J. H., Bloem, B. R., & Little, M. A. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25020366 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-supervised learning for early detection of neurodegenerative diseases with small data
Jiang, H. (2023) · doi:10.32657/10356/166402 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Impulse Factor of Sound Records in Decision Trees to Diagnose Parkinson’s Disease
Arun, P., Madhukumar, S., Sarath, P. V., Aleena, M., Sharon, J., & Ashley, E. (2024) · International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Information and Communication Technologies (ICEEICT) · doi:10.1109/iceeict61591.2024.10718450
Khosrobeygi, F., Abouhadi, Z., Mahdizadeh, A., Ashoori, A., Niksirat, N., Mirian, M. S., & McKeown, M. J. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25196019
- Authors
- Zhang, A., Cebulla, A., Panev, S., Hodgins, J., & De la Torre, F.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 2017
- Pages
- 143-147
- ISSN
- 2375-7477 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2754509775
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, tremor detection, weakly supervised learning, segment length, tremor classification
- MeSH terms
- Supervised Machine Learning, Algorithms, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Tremor, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review