Core and Periphery in Free/Libre and Open Source Software Team Communications
Open accessAbstract
The concept of the core group of developers is important and often discussed in empirical studies of FLOSS projects. This paper examines the question, "how does one empirically distinguish the core?" Being able to identify the core members of a FLOSS development project is important because many of the processes necessary for successful projects likely involve core members differently than peripheral members, so analyses that mix the two groups will likely yield invalid results. We compare 3 analysis approaches to identify the core: the named list of developers, a Bradford’s law analysis that takes as the core the most frequent contributors and a social network analysis of the interaction pattern that identifies the core in a core-and-periphery structure. We apply these measures to the interactions around bug fixing for 116 SourceForge projects. The 3 techniques identify different individuals as core members; examination of which individuals are identified leads to suggestions for refining the measures. All 3 measures though suggest that the core of FLOSS projects is a small fraction of the total number of contributors.
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Core contributors were classified using contributors' level of activity during the pretreatment period, measured by number of commits, into core contributors (top 25%) and peripheral contributors (rest 75%).
“For the conceptualization of core contributors we used contributors' level of activity during the pretreatment period, measured by the number of commits, to classify contributors into core contributors (top 25%) and peripheral contributors (rest 75%) (Setia et al. 2012, Crowston et al. 2006).”
From AI-Assisted Programming Decreases the Productivity of Experienced Developers by Increasing the Technical Debt and Maintenance Burden (2025) · cites this paper as Crowston et al. 2006
Both internal members (vendors and project contributors) and peripheral members (project users and open source foundations) can create collective action threats through situational and cross-project changes in member positions.
“In this, our research highlights how both internal members (i.e., vendors and project contributors) and peripheral members (i.e., project users and open source foundations) can create collective action threats though situational and cross-project changes in member positions (Nakakoji et al. 2002;Crowston et al. 2006).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Crowston et al. 2006
Core developers primarily design the overall architecture, write code, maintain control over the codebase, and guide the long-term development of the project.
“Core developers primarily design the overall architecture, write code, maintain control over the codebase, and guide the long-term development of the project”
From The Impact of Generative AI on Collaborative Open-Source Software Development: Evidence from GitHub Copilot  (2024) · cites this paper as Crowston et al. 2006
Peripheral developers contribute code on a more irregular basis and tend to focus on bug fixes and incremental feature additions.
“peripheral developers contribute code on a more irregular basis and tend to focus on bug fixes and incremental feature additions (Crowston et al. 2006, Setia et al. 2012, Gousios et al. 2014).”
From The Impact of Generative AI on Collaborative Open-Source Software Development: Evidence from GitHub Copilot  (2024) · cites this paper as Crowston et al. 2006
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Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815478 · Cited by 17,557 · see citing works
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Storey, M.-A., Zagalsky, A., Filho, F. F., Singer, L., & German, D. M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2016.2584053 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Developer Role Evolution in Open Source Software Ecosystem: An Explanatory Study on GNOME
Cheng, C., Li, B., Li, Z.-Y., Zhao, Y.-Q., & Liao, F.-L. (2017) · Journal of Computer Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s11390-017-1728-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Song, F., Agarwal, A., & Wen, W. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal (preprint) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4856935 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Xu, F., Medappa, P. K., Tunc, M. M., Vroegindeweij, M., & Fransoo, J. C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5521379 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xu, F., Medappa, P. K., Tunc, M. M., Vroegindeweij, M., & Fransoo, J. C. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.10165 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Foster, D., & Germonprez, M. (2026) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.70060
- Authors
- Crowston, K., Wei, K., Li, Q., & Howison, J.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 118a-118a
- ISSN
- 1530-1605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099162911
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Open Source Software Innovations
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Research
- Keywords
- free and open source software, core developers, core-periphery structure, developer communication, social network analysis, Bradford's law, bug fixes, open source software development
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