Strengthening LLM Trust Boundaries: A Survey of Prompt Injection Attacks Surender Suresh Kumar Dr. M.L. Cummings Dr. Alexander Stimpson
Abstract
Both academia and industry have embraced Large Language Models (LLMs) as new tools to extend or create new capabilities in human-artificial intelligence (AI) interactions. This rise of LLMs has also led to an impressive increase in LLM prompt injections, which are human-driven attacks meant to manipulate the LLMs to operate outside the safe boundaries and guardrails originally designed to prevent such behaviors. This effort presents a cohesive framework that organizes various prompt injection attacks with respect to the type of prompt used in attacks, the type of trust boundary the attacks violated, and the level of expertise required to carry out such attacks. Analysis of this framework leads to recommendations for how trust boundaries could be further strengthened through a combination of sociotechnical approaches.
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The vulnerabilities of LLMs make them susceptible to attacks by malicious users.
“The vulnerabilities of LLMs make them susceptible to attacks by malicious users (Kumar et al. 2024; Esmradi etal. 2023; Wu etal. 2024b).”
From When LLMs meet cybersecurity: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as Kumar et al. 2024
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- Authors
- Kumar, S. S., Cummings, M. L., & Stimpson, A.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- ORCID
- Cummings, M.L.
- Venue
- 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2024-05-15
- Pages
- 1-6
- OpenAlex
- W4399801327
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 6.06
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Security and Verification in Computing
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- prompt injection, large language models, trust boundaries, LLM security, guardrails, prompt engineering, human-AI interaction, socio-technical approach, attack classification
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