Delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Using A Conversational Social Robot
Open accessAbstract
Social robots are becoming an integrated part of our daily life due to their ability to provide companionship and entertainment. A subfield of robotics, Socially Assistive Robotics (SAR), is particularly suitable for expanding these benefits into the healthcare setting because of its unique ability to provide cognitive, social, and emotional support. This paper presents our recent research on developing SAR by evaluating the ability of a life-like conversational social robot, called Ryan, to administer internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) to older adults with depression. For Ryan to administer the therapy, we developed a dialogue-management system, called Program-R. Using an accredited CBT manual for the treatment of depression, we created seven hour-long iCBT dialogues and integrated them into Program-R using Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML). To assess the effectiveness of Robot-based iCBT and users' likability of our approach, we conducted an HRI study with a cohort of elderly people with mild-to-moderate depression over a period of four weeks. Quantitative analyses of participant's spoken responses (e.g. word count and sentiment analysis), face-scale mood scores, and exit surveys, strongly support the notion robot-based iCBT is a viable alternative to traditional human-delivered therapy.
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NAO used as a cognitive stimulation therapy tool for people with dementia showed improvements in neuropsychiatric symptoms.
“NAO 3 , has been used as a cognitive stimulation therapy tool for PwD with improvements in neuropsychiatric symptoms [28]”
From Conversational Affective Social Robots for Ageing and Dementia Support (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The Introduction says NAO has been used to combat cognitive decline and depression. It does not report NAO as a cognitive stimulation therapy tool or show improved neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia. The Participants and Symptom Outcomes sections instead describe cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by Ryan to four older adults with depression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Tozkoparan, S. B. (2026) · ULUSLARARASI BİLİŞİM SİSTEMLERİ VE UYGULAMALARI DERGİSİ · doi:10.71340/ubsud.1856568
Jayaprakash, R., Xie, S., Midgley, W., & Cruz, F. (2026) · Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (ACSW) · doi:10.1145/3793811.3793813
Examining the Potential of Social Robots to Increase Adherence in Internet-based CBT
Konijn, E. A., Peeper, G., Portegies, T. C., Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Struijs, S. Y. (2026) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-026-01417-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dino, F., Zandie, R., Abdollahi, H., Schoeder, S., & Mahoor, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- Venue
- 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2019-11
- Pages
- 2089-2095
- ISSN
- 2153-0858 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2972557612
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1427872)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, online therapy, socially assistive robotics, older adults, depression, dialogue management, AIML, human-robot interaction, user acceptance
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