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Analog Coherent Detection for Energy Efficient Intra-Data Center Links at 200 Gbps Per Wavelength
Abstract
As datacenters continue to scale in size, energy efficiency for short reach (-12can be achieved and is compatible with higher error rates that require forward error correction (FEC). We present a comparison of silicon and InP platforms and evaluate both traveling-wave and segmented modulator designs, providing an illustration of the wide design space before converging on the most promising architectures that maximize energy efficiency and minimize laser power. We establish the theoretical potential to achieve picojoule-per-bit energy efficiency targets.
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One strategy being explored by researchers is moving some signal processing tasks into the optical domain leveraging integrated photonics and analog electronic circuits.
“One strategy being explored by researchers is moving some signal processing tasks into the optical domain145,146 leveraging integrated photonics and analog electronic circuits.”
From Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics (2024) · cites this paper as [146]
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Self-citationMicrometer-Scale Silicon Modulator for O-Band Coherent Interconnects Beyond 100 GBaud
Geravand, A., Weckenmann, E., Zheng, Z., Vallée, J.-M., Levasseur, S., Rusch, L. A., & Shi, W. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2024.3523402 · Cited by 4
Movaghar, G., Norvick, V. A., Chansky, E. D., Maharry, A., Schow, C. L., & Buckwalter, J. F. (2022) · IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters · doi:10.1109/lssc.2022.3232340 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA Fully Integrated O-band Coherent Optical Receiver Operating up to 80 Gb/s
Xia, Y., Valenzuela, L. A., Maharry, A., Pinna, S., Dwivedi, S. P., Hirokawa, T., Buckwalter, J. F., & Schow, C. L. (2021) · IEEE Photonics Conference · doi:10.1109/ipc48725.2021.9592881 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA 1.54-pJ/b 64-Gb/s 16-QAM Intradyne Coherent Optical Receiver in 28-nm CMOS
Abdelrahman, A. E., Younis, M. B., Selim, M. O., Aly, M. S., Khalil, M. A., & Hanumolu, P. K. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3635729 · Cited by 3
Automatic Carrier-to-Signal Power Ratio Control for Optical Transmitter
Li, H., Li, X., Huang, C., Cheng, M., Yang, Q., Tang, M., Liu, D., & Deng, L. (2024) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2024.3460074 · Cited by 3
Shan, L., Zhang, X., Sun, P., Zhao, W., Yao, G., Xi, L., Xiao, X., & Cui, N. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.537794 · Cited by 3
Fan, Y., Liu, X., Fu, M., Xu, Y., Liu, Q., Zeng, X., Yi, L., Hu, W., & Zhuge, Q. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.463944 · Cited by 3
Design of Mode-Locked Semiconductor Laser Comb-Based Analog Coherent Links
Chen, E., Coldren, L. A., & Kahn, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2023.3273479 · Cited by 3
Self-citationFirst Monolithically-Integrated Silicon CMOS Coherent Optical Receiver
Movaghar, G., Norvick, V. A., Maharry, A., Chansky, E. D., Liu, J., Andrade, H., Schow, C. L., & Buckwalter, J. F. (2023) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2023.th2a.2 · Cited by 3
Self-citationA 224 Gbps/λ O-Band Coherent Link for Intra-Data Center Applications
Maharry, A., Misak, S. M., Andrade, H., Liu, J., Gilardi, G., Liao, S., Liu, A., Akulova, Y. A., Coldren, L. A., Buckwalter, J. F., et al. (2023) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.23919/ofc49934.2023.10117105 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPhotonic Signal Processing for Phase-Agnostic Coherent Optical Reception
Schrenk, B. (2024) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2024.3511939 · Cited by 3
A Carrier Phase Recovery Loop for a 3.2-pJ/b, 24-Gb/s QPSK Coherent Optical Receiver
Abdelrahman, A. E., Ahmed, M. G., Khalil, M. A., Younis, M. B., Park, K.-S., & Hanumolu, P. K. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3607917 · Cited by 3
An 8.2-pJ/bit, 56 Gb/s Traveling-wave Modulator Driver with Large Reverse Terminations
Andrade, H., Maharry, A., Valenzuela, L. A., Hosseinzadeh, N., Schow, C. L., & Buckwalter, J. F. (2021) · IEEE BiCMOS and Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Technology Symposium (BCICTS) · doi:10.1109/bcicts50416.2021.9682462 · Cited by 3
Self-citationHeterogeneously Integrated O-band SG-DBR Lasers for Short Reach Analog Coherent Links
Misak, S. M., Maharry, A., Liu, J., Kumar, R., Huang, D., Gilardi, G., Jones, R., Liu, A., Coldren, L. A., & Schow, C. L. (2021) · OSA Advanced Photonics Congress · doi:10.1364/iprsn.2021.jth3a.1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMovaghar, G., Valenzuela, L. A., Liu, J., Maharry, A., Schow, C. L., & Buckwalter, J. F. (2022) · IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters · doi:10.1109/lssc.2022.3231238 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSimplified Coherent Synaptic Receptor for Filterless Optical Neural Networks
Schrenk, B. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2021.3108573 · Cited by 2
Controller for all-optical low power/cost coherent receiver used in short-reach systems
Moschopoulos, K., Nazarathy, M., & Tomkos, I. (2022) · International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP) · doi:10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907948 · Cited by 2
Chen, E., & Kahn, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2024.3519252 · Cited by 2
Advancements in heterogeneously integrated silicon photonics for IMDD and coherent data transmission
Akulova, Y. A., Jones, R., Nguyen, K. N., Venables, R., Doussiere, P., Liu, A., Gilardi, G., Huang, M., Patel, D., Yu, H., et al. (2023) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2023.tu2e.4 · Cited by 2
Advancements in heterogeneously integrated silicon photonics for IMDD and coherent data transmission
Akulova, Y. A., Jones, R., Nguyen, K. N., Venables, R., Doussiere, P., Liu, A., Gilardi, G., Huang, M., Patel, D., Yu, H., et al. (2023) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.23919/ofc49934.2023.10117236 · Cited by 1
Wissing, A., Liu, J., Chansky, E. D., Misak, S. M., Maharry, A., Andrade, H., Du, X., Kong, X., Thomas, M., Coldren, L. A., et al. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.575481 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLow-complexity symbol-rate equalization schemes for short-reach coherent-lite optical interconnects
Quan, B., Xie, F., Zhou, H., Yang, F., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Y., Bai, C., Xu, H., Tang, D., & Qiao, Y. J. (2026) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.585353 · Cited by 1
Quan, B., Xie, F. Z., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Y., Qiao, Y., Chen, Y., Zheng, B., Tang, D., & Yang, A. (2025) · Asia Communications and Photonics Conference · doi:10.1109/acp66871.2025.11351000 · Cited by 1
Challenges in Scalling Transceiver Bit Rate to 1.6Tbps and Beyond
Moschopoulos, K., Sygletos, S., Giacoumidis, E., Kontizas, I., Richter, A., Nazarathy, M., & Tomkos, I. (2024) · International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP) · doi:10.1109/csndsp60683.2024.10636372 · Cited by 1
Zhao, W., Shan, L., Jia, Y., Wang, C., Sun, S., Zhang, X., & Xi, L. (2024) · doi:10.1364/cleo_at.2024.jtu2a.84 · Cited by 1
GPS-stabilized Optical Frequency Combs for Freqency-synchrous Optical Networks
Liu, L., Liu, F., & Shieh, W. (2024) · Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) · doi:10.1109/oecc54135.2024.10975421 · Cited by 1
Jing, Z., Tian, Q., Xin, X., Wang, Y., Guo, D., Sheng, X., & Yu, C. (2021) · Microwave and Optical Technology Letters · doi:10.1002/mop.32930 · Cited by 1
Coherent Homodyne Synaptic Interconnect with Sign- and Weight-Tunable Detection
Schrenk, B. (2021) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2021.tu5h.7 · Cited by 1
High Speed Etched Facet Traveling Wave Modulators for Micro Transfer Print Integration
Meissner, T., Zhu, S., Brunelli, S. Š., Carter, A., Young, A., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Meena, G. G., Moreira, R. L., Coldren, L. A., et al. (2022) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1364/cleo_at.2022.atu5m.6 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSun, P., Shan, L., Yao, G., Zhao, W., Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, X., Xi, L., Xiao, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1364/cleo_at.2023.jtu2a.72
First Monolithically-Integrated Silicon CMOS Coherent Optical Receiver
Movaghar, G., Norvick, V. A., Maharry, A., Chansky, E. D., Liu, J., Andrade, H., Schow, C. L., & Buckwalter, J. F. (2023) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.23919/ofc49934.2023.10116687
Self-citationScalable free-space photonic antennas in foundry SOI silicon photonic platforms
Rollinson, J., Karlicek, R. F., & Hella, M. M. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.524532
Optoelectronic Assembly of a Silicon Photonic 4-Channel Coherent Receiver Array
Goki, P. N., Pandey, G., Bogoni, A., Welinski, S., Lauermann, M., Fang, D., Koos, C. G., Potì, L., & Malacarne, A. (2024) · IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meetings · doi:10.1109/sum60964.2024.10614521
Inverse-Designed 16-Channel Time-of-Flight Receiver in 45nm Silicon Photonic Process
Rollinson, J., Karlicek, R. F., & Hella, M. M. (2024) · OSA Advanced Photonics Congress · doi:10.1364/iprsn.2024.iw2b.3
Comb-Driven Micrometer-Scale I/Q Modulator for Tb/s O-Band Coherent DWDM Interconnects
Geravand, A., Weckenmann, E., Vallée, J.-M., Zheng, Z., Levasseur, S., Yang, B., Chen, J., Wang, T., Wang, Z., Rusch, L. A., et al. (2024) · Asia Communications and Photonics Conference · doi:10.1109/acp/ipoc63121.2024.10810124
Self-homodyne 2-OTDM for doubling the baud rate in low-energy optical interconnect
Kurosu, T., MATSUMOTO, R., Konoike, R., Suda, S., & Amano, T. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.549858
DSP-free carrier phase recovery for coherent datacenter interconnects
Liu, L., Liu, F., Yuan, P., Lu, W., Liu, Z., & Shieh, W. (2024) · Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) · doi:10.1109/oecc54135.2024.10975630
Design and simulation of a 300 MHz Balanced Homodyne Detector for quantum photonics
Yang, J. (2025) · Advances in Engineering Innovation · doi:10.54254/2977-3903/2025.25178
Sun, P., Zhao, W., Li, C., Xiao, S., Luo, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Xi, L., He, Z., & Yu, S. (2025) · OptoElectronics and Communications Conference and International Conference on Photonics in Switching and Computing (OECC/PSC) · doi:10.23919/oecc/psc62146.2025.11110649
A 100 Gbps Fully Packaged O-band Micro-ring Modulator Based Coherent Transmitter
Du, X., Norvick, V. A., Xia, Y., Maharry, A., Chansky, E. D., Wissing, A., Liu, J., Kong, X., Hirokawa, T., Saleh, A. A. M., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2025.ss172_2
Self-citationS+C+L-bands 90° hybrid on silicon
Hu, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, G., Yu, L., Guo, J., & Daoxin Dai, A. (2025) · Asia Communications and Photonics Conference · doi:10.1109/acp66871.2025.11350541
Liu, L., Liu, F., Shi, D., & Shieh, W. (2025) · Asia Communications and Photonics Conference · doi:10.1109/acp66871.2025.11350981
Moschopoulos, K., Sygletos, S., Tsourtis, V., Giacoumidis, E., Richter, A., Nazarathy, M., & Tomkos, I. (2026) · IET Optoelectronics · doi:10.1049/ote2.70021
Analog Coherent Optics Inside the Datacenter
Schow, C. L. (2026) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2026.th3j.1
Self-citationvan Assche, R., Masaad, S., Gooskens, E., Sackesyn, S., Kerrebrouck, J. V., Yin, X. L., & Bienstman, P. (2026) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-026-01968-2
Optical Phase Noise Cancellation through Differential Detection Using Analog Circuit Techniques
Inoue, T., Hanai, Y., Tanaka, I., Ito, D., & Nakamura, M. (2026) · International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/icccas70754.2026.11672415
Metadata
- Authors
- Hirokawa, T., Pinna, S., Hosseinzadeh, N., Maharry, A., Andrade, H., Liu, J., Meissner, T., Misak, S., Movaghar, G., Valenzuela, L. A., Xia, Y., Bhat, S., Gambini, F., Klamkin, J., Saleh, A. A. M., Coldren, L., Buckwalter, J. F., & Schow, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Juniper Networks (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Lightwave Technology
- Published
- 2021-01-15
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 520-531
- ISSN
- 0733-8724 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2213
- OpenAlex
- W3117111933
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lightwave Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AR0000848)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optical Network Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Photonic and Optical Devices
- Keywords
- energy efficiency, silicon photonics, InP photonics, traveling-wave modulator, forward error correction, laser power reduction
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