Digital Phased Arrays: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
Digital beamforming (DBF) has long been heralded as the next frontier in phased array technology, and not without reason. The digitization of transmit and receive signals at the element level opens the door to new processing and beamforming schemes and promises to deliver maximum flexibility and unprecedented dynamic range in large systems. However, it is not without inherent technological risks and practical challenges associated with the amount of data to process and the use of less sophisticated transceivers. This paper provides broad overviews of several interrelated aspects of the resulting DBF trade spaces for these systems. In particular, emerging concepts are highlighted for the roles and interconnection of distributed beamforming/processing for fixed and adaptive beamforming. These are then related to digital array calibration mechanisms that can potentially reduce the need for data- and processing-intensive beamforming algorithms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The TTD beamformer is the optimal beamformer when the signals of interest are contaminated by wide sense stationary AWGN.
“The TTD beamformer is the optimal beamformer when the signals of interest are contaminated by wide sense stationary AWGN [2,3,4,5];”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Cites
(1999) · Sensor Review · doi:10.1108/sr.1999.08719bae.004 · Cited by 1,843 · see citing works
Updating the Inverse of a Matrix
Hager, W. W. (1989) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/1031049 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Conformal Array Antenna Theory and Design
Josefsson, L. G., & Persson, P. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/047178012x · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Melvin, W. L. (2004) · IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/maes.2004.1263229 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Array antenna pattern modeling methods that include mutual coupling effects
Kelley, D. F., & Stutzman, W. L. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/8.273305 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The Evolution to Modern Phased Array Architectures
Herd, J. S., & Conway, M. D. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2494879 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas
Steyskal, H., & Herd, J. S. (1990) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/8.60990 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Benefits of Digital Phased Array Radars
Talisa, S. H., O'Haver, K. W., Comberiate, T. M., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2016.2515842 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The Development of Phased-Array Radar Technology
Fenn, A. J., Temme, D. H., Delaney, W. P., & Courtney, W. E. (2000) · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Kahn, W. K., & Kurss, H. (1965) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.1965.1138529 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas
Wirth, W.-D. (2001) · Institution of Engineering and Technology eBooks · doi:10.1049/pbra010e · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Multifunction Phased Array Radar for Aircraft and Weather Surveillance
Stailey, J. E., & Hondl, K. D. (2016) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2491179 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Design of Energy- and Cost-Efficient Massive MIMO Arrays
Puglielli, A., Townley, A., LaCaille, G., Milovanović, V., Lu, P., Trotskovsky, K., Whitcombe, A., Narevsky, N., Wright, G., Courtade, T. A., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fast Measurement Technique for Phased Array Calibration
Takahashi, T., Konishi, Y., Makino, S., et al. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2008.924682 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Digital beamforming antennas - An introduction
Steyskal, H. (1987) · Microwave journal · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Lee, K.-M., Chu, R.-S., & Liu, S.-C. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/8.267353 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Lier, E., Zemlyansky, M., Purdy, D. S., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613357 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Adaptive Antennas and Phased Arrays for Radar and Communications
Fenn, A. J. (2007) · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Design considerations and results for an overlapped subarray radar antenna
Herd, J. S., Duffy, S. M., & Steyskal, H. (2005) · Proceedings - IEEE Aerospace Conference · doi:10.1109/aero.2005.1559399 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mirza-Aghatabar, M., Koohi, S., Hessabi, S., et al. (2007) · Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools (DSD) · doi:10.1109/dsd.2007.4341445 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mutual coupling-based calibration of phased array antennas
Shipley, C., & Woods, D. N. (2002) · doi:10.1109/past.2000.859012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Antenna and receiver system with digital beamforming for satellite navigation and communications
Dreher, A., Niklasch, N., Klefenz, F., et al. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2003.814309 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A calibration technique for active phased array antennas
Agrawal, A. K., & Jablon, A. R. (2003) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/past.2003.1256985 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Radar 2020: The future of radar systems
Wiesbeck, W., & Sit, L. (2014) · International Radar Conference (RADAR) · doi:10.1109/radar.2014.7060395 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bräutigam, B., Schwerdt, M., Bachmann, M., et al. (2007) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2007.4424034 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Airborne GMTI using MIMO techniques
Kantor, J. M., & Davis, S. K. (2010) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2010.5494407 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Near-field alignment of phased-array antennas
Patton, W., & Yorinks, L. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/8.768795 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Alternating Adaptive Projections in Antenna Synthesis
Quijano, J. L. A., & Vecchi, G. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2009.2039307 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Calibration techniques for digital phased arrays
Fulton, C. J., & Chappell, W. J. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems (COMCAS) · doi:10.1109/comcas.2009.5385979 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationBeamforming techniques for large-N aperture arrays
Zarb-Adami, K., Faulkner, A. J., de Vaate, J. G. B., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613258 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A digital array radar with a hierarchical system architecture
Fulton, C. J., Clough, P., Pai, V. S., et al. (2009) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2009.5165639 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAn S-band digital array radar testbed
Rabideau, D. J., Galejs, R., Willwerth, F. G., et al. (2004) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/past.2003.1256966 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Recent developments and future trends in phased arrays
Brookner, E. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2013.6731797 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mutual-coupling based phased-array calibration: A robust and versatile approach
Bekers, D. J., van Dijk, R., & van Vliet, F. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2013.6731903 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nuteson, T. W., Stocker, J. E., Clark, J. S., et al. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2002.805151 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook
(2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420006667 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Radar 2020: The future of radar systems
Wiesbeck, W., Sit, L., Younis, M., et al. (2015) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2015.7325731 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mutual Coupling Compensation Matrices for Transmitting and Receiving Arrays
Rubio, J., Izquierdo, J. F., & Córcoles, J. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2014.2382691 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Calibration of a digital phased array for polarimetric radar
Fulton, C. J., & Chappell, W. J. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5517964 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationTime delay digital beamforming for wideband pulsed radar implementation
Cheung, C., Shah, R., & Parker, M. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2013.6731869 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Low-Cost High-Performance Digital Radar Test Bed
Mir, H., & Albasha, L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2212497 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Low cost Multifunction Phased Array Radar concept
Herd, J. S., Duffy, S. M., Carlson, D. J., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613327 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Digital modules for phased array radar
Garrod, A. (2002) · International Radar Conference (RADAR) · doi:10.1109/radar.1995.522638 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Calibration of panelized polarimetric phased array radar antennas: A case study
Fulton, C. J., & Chappell, W. J. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613262 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAll-Pass Filter-Based 2-D IIR Filter-Enhanced Beamformers for AESA Receivers
Wijenayake, C. A., Madanayake, A., Belostotski, L., Xu, Y., & Bruton, L. T. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2014.2309833 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An experimental S-band digital beamforming antenna
Pettersson, L., Danestig, M., & Sjöström, U. (2002) · doi:10.1109/past.1996.565942 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Air-cooled, active transmit/receive Panel Array
Puzella, A., & Alm, R. (2008) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2008.4720740 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Phased array digital beamforming hardware development at Applied Radar
Weedon, W. H. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613261 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Model-based clutter cancellation based on enhanced knowledge-aided parametric covariance estimation
Bang, J., Melvin, W. L., & Lanterman, A. D. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2014.130413 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A dual-polarized patch antenna for weather radar applications
Fulton, C. J., & Chappell, W. J. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems (COMCAS) · doi:10.1109/comcas.2011.6105940 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture of RF Technology and Radars
Russell, M. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2007.374184 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Digital modules for phased array radar
Garrod, A. (2002) · doi:10.1109/past.1996.565940 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Digitization requirements for digital radar arrays
Zatman, M. (2002) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/nrc.2001.922971 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Army Radar Requirements for the 21st Century
Loomis, J. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2007.374182 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Polarimetric SAR Internal Calibration Scheme Based on T/R Module Orthogonal Phase Coding
Wang, S., Qi, H., & Yu, W. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2018629 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Digital beam forming for conformal active array antenna
Kanno, M., Hashimura, T., Katada, T., et al. (2002) · doi:10.1109/past.1996.565898 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
ECOSAR: P-band digital beamforming polarimetric and single pass interferometric SAR
Rincon, R. F., Fatoyinbo, T., Osmanoğlu, B., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2015.7131086 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Calibration and diagnostics of the THAAD solid state phased array in a planar nearfield facility
Mulcahey, J. K., & Sarcione, M. (1996) · doi:10.1109/past.1996.566108 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hybrid mitigation of distortion in digital arrays
Rabideau, D. J. (2005) · IEEE International Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2005.1435826 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
James, B., & Fulton, C. J. (2015) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2015.7166990 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMIMO radar for sense and avoid for UAV
Kemkemian, S., Nouvel-Fiani, M., Cornic, P., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613309 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rapid Fast Fourier Transform Phase Alignment of an Electronically Scanned Antenna
Shnitkin, H. (1990) · European Microwave Conference (EuMC) · doi:10.1109/euma.1990.336051 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Development of a digital array radar (DAR)
Cantrell, B., Graaf, J. D., Leibowitz, L. M., et al. (2002) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/nrc.2001.922970 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
L-Band Digital Array Radar Demonstrator for Next Generation Multichannel SAR Systems
del Castillo, J., Sánchez, S., de Porras, R., et al. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2015.2430931 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
MIMO radar demystified and where it makes sense to use
Brookner, E. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2013.6731862 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Digital array radar: Technology and trends
Wu, M. (2011) · doi:10.1109/cie-radar.2011.6159705 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Air-Cooled, Active Transmit/Receive Panel Array
Puzella, A., & Alm, R. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2007.374253 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Joint equalization and fractional delay filter design for wideband digital beamforming
Yao, Y., Huang, X., Wu, G., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2015.7131109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Array Calibration Utilizing Clutter Scattering
Robey, F. C., Fuhrmann, D. R., & Krich, S. I. (2005) · IEEE SP Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing (SSAP) · doi:10.1109/ssap.1994.572507 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
RF imperfections in antenna arrays: Response analysis and widely-linear digital beamforming
Hakkarainen, A., Werner, J., & Valkama, M. (2013) · IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS) · doi:10.1109/rws.2013.6486683 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Built-in self test systems for silicon-based phased arrays
İnaç, Ö., Kim, S. Y., Shin, D., et al. (2012) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2012.6259455 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Status and trends in AESA-based radar
van Bezouwen, H., Feldle, H.-P., & Holpp, W. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5517507 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Scalable, efficient ASICS for the square kilometre array: From A/D conversion to central correlation
Schmatz, M., Jongerius, R., Dittmann, G., et al. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6855059 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Low Complexity Covariance-Based Doa Estimation Algorithm
Ferreira, T. N., Netto, S. L., & Diniz, P. S. R. (2007) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.40224 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Digital wideband phased array calibration and beamforming using time reversal technique
Liou, L. L., Lin, D. M., Longbrake, M. B., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613359 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hybrid Analog–Digital Antenna Array With Built-in Image Injection Calibration
Xie, L., Yin, X., Lu, C. Y., et al. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2014.2349537 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Large active phased array antenna calibration using MCM
Gao, T., Guo, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2002) · Digest - IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium · doi:10.1109/aps.2001.959796 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wideband phased arrays with true time delay beamformers challenges and progress
Rotman, R., & Tur, M. (2014) · doi:10.1109/eucap.2014.6901866 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Experimental results from a self-calibrating digital beamforming array
Herd, J. S. (1990) · doi:10.1109/aps.1990.115127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Antenna patterns for prototype two-dimensional digital beamforming array
Rose, J. F., Worley, B. A., & Lee, M. M. (2002) · Digest - IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium · doi:10.1109/aps.1993.385490 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Technology trends for future low cost phased arrays
Sarcione, M., & Puzella, A. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5515448 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cylindrical Polarimetric Phased Array Radar: A multi-function demonstrator and its calibration
Fulton, C. J., Zhang, G., Bocangel, W., et al. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems (COMCAS) · doi:10.1109/comcas.2013.6685315 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAn experimental demonstration of a posteriori digital calibration of MIMO radar system
Cattenoz, M., & Brouard, P. (2014) · International Radar Conference (RADAR) · doi:10.1109/radar.2014.7060377 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Waveform design for wideband beampattern and beamforming
Uysal, F., Yeary, M. B., Goodman, N. A., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2015.7131151 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPrecise calibration techniques for complex SAR systems based on active phased array antennas
Schwerdt, M., Bachmann, M., Schrank, D., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613290 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evolution of naval AESA radars
van den Berg, S., & Tonnaer, A. (2014) · doi:10.1109/eucap.2014.6901817 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Design of a Wide-angle Scan, X-band, digital array radar antenna
Gulbrandsen, F., Nysaeter, A., & Paichard, Y. (2014) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2014.6875814 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rubio, J., & Izquierdo, J. F. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2011.2152342 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Technology trends for future low cost phased arrays
Sarcione, M., & Puzella, A. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5515004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Coupling-based wideband digital phased array calibration techniques
Mitchell, A. E. (2021) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign and implementation of wideband all digital array radar test-bed
Zhang, Y., Bao, Q., Wu, J., et al. (2014) · European Radar Conference (EuRAD) · doi:10.1109/eurad.2014.6991346 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Digital beamforming using highly integrated receiver-on-chip modules
Longbrake, M. B., Buck, J., Buxa, P. E., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613369 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Design and implementation of wideband all digital array radar test-bed
Zhang, Y., Bao, Q., Wu, J., et al. (2014) · European Microwave Conference (EuMC) · doi:10.1109/eumc.2014.6986838 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A new Wideband Digital Array Radar (WB-DAR) experiment system
Qian, L., & Wang, X. (2014) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tenconspring.2014.6863073 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Digital beamforming (DBF) antenna system for mobile communications
Chiba, I. (2002) · doi:10.1109/past.1996.566093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An experimental digital beamforming array
Chang, D.-C., Klimczak, W. N., & Busche, G. C. (2003) · doi:10.1109/aps.1988.94337 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A C-band digital beamforming array
Simonangeli, L. J., & Agrawal, A. K. (2003) · doi:10.1109/aps.1988.94360 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A digital architecture for phased array radar
Harger, M. A. (2012) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
In situ array antenna diagnosis using microwave circular holography
Nicolas, J.-J. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613353 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wideband array antenna system development
Lanne, M., Svensson, B. G., Stenquist, E., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613274 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spaceborne SAR systems and technologies
Heer, C., Fischer, C., & Schäfer, C. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5517390 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spaceborne SAR Systems and technologies
Heer, C., Fischer, C., & Schäfer, C. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5517840 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Phase Noise Model for an Array of Combined Sources Using Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS)
Comberiate, T. M., Hof, J. P. V., Ruppalt, L. B., et al. (2008) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Error analysis and self-calibration of a digital beamforming radar system
Harter, M., Ziroff, A., Hildebrandt, J., et al. (2015) · IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Microwaves for Intelligent Mobility (ICMIM) · doi:10.1109/icmim.2015.7117931 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Polarisation performance and calibration of the digital beamforming system for 2-PAD
Armstrong, R. P., Hickish, J., Adami, K. Z., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613292 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Real-time STAP hardware demonstrator for airborne radar applications
Paine, A. S., Homer, K. J., Medley, J. C., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar.2008.4720860 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
All-digital wideband space-frequency beamforming for the SKA aperture array
Khlebnikov, V. A., Adami, K. Z., Armstrong, R. P., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2010.5613254 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Calibration Issue in SMART Synthetic Aperture Radar Based on Scan-On-Receive
Bordoni, F., Younis, M., & Krieger, G. (2009) · elib (German Aerospace Center) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Perera, S. M., Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Madanayake, A., Wu, G., Belostotski, L., Wang, Y., Mandal, S., Cintra, R. J., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2822940 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications
Perera, S. M., Rathnasekara, G., & Madanayake, A. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24020576 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The TTD beamformer is the optimal beamformer when the signals of interest are contaminated by wide sense stationary AWGN [2–5]; the case of the sensing of RF plane waves along multiple directions is a crucially important application for antenna array-based RF sensing and direction-of-arrival…”
Background
- Authors
- Fulton, C., Yeary, M., Thompson, D., Lake, J., & Mitchell, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 487-503
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2256
- OpenAlex
- W2282852807
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 17.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the IEEE (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Antenna Design and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
- Keywords
- digital beamforming, phased arrays, distributed beamforming, adaptive beamforming, array calibration, transceiver, data processing requirements, trade-offs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
