Wideband $N$ -Beam Arrays Using Low-Complexity Algorithms and Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits
Abstract
This paper proposes a low-complexity wideband beamforming subarray for millimeter wave (mmW) 5G wireless communications. The multibeam subarray is based on using a novel delay Vandermonde matrix (DVM) algorithm to efficiently generate analog true-time-delay beams that have no beam squint. A factorization for the DVM leading to low-complexity analog realizations is provided and complexity analysis for real and complex inputs is derived. The DVM is a special case of a Vandermonde matrix but with complex nodes that lack any special properties (unlike the discrete Fourier transform matrix). Error bounds for the DVM are established and then analyzed for numerical stability. Mixed-signal CMOS integrated circuits designs are proposed for the implementation of DVM multibeam algorithms along with low-complexity digital realizations to achieve hybrid beamforming for mmW applications. Analog-digital hybrid mmW multibeam beamforming circuits and systems are designed, for example, with eight beams at 28 GHz and simulated in cadence for functional verification.
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The parallel realization of N beams using a network of TTDs with durations set to integer multiples of τ0 leads to an N-beam TTD multi-beam beamformer with an underlying mathematical framework given by the DVM.
“The parallel realization of N beams using a network of TTDs with durations set to integer multiples of τ0 leads to an N-beam TTD multi-beam beamformer with an underlying mathematical framework given by the DVM [7,8,9,10,11].”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The SFGs in [7] are continuous-time and realized as analog microwave circuits.
“However, the SFGs in [7] are continuous-time and realized as analog microwave circuits.”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The paper proposes a low-complexity wideband TTD digital DVM algorithm using Thiran fractional delays.
“Thus, with this and from the prior work on DVM [7,8,9,10,11], we propose a low-complexity wideband TTD digital DVM algorithm using Thiran fractional delays.”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The proposed algorithm is more reliable for large N than the matrix-matrix multiplication-based DVM algorithm in [7,8].
“The proposed algorithm is more reliable for large N than that for the matrix–matrix multiplication-based DVM algorithm in [7,8].”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
By implementing an array representation of the DVM factorization by a vector, the paper presents a DVM algorithm that efficiently reduces the complexity associated with the matrix-matrix multiplication step of the DVM algorithm described in [7].
“By implementing an array representation of the DVM factorization by a vector, we present a DVM algorithm that efficiently reduces the complexity associated with the matrix–matrix multiplication step of the DVM algorithm described in [7].”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The factor e−jωτ associated with analog DVM beamforming can be efficiently approximated on chip by CMOS APFs.
“The factor e−jωτ is associated with the factorization of the AN and can be efficiently approximated on chip by CMOS APFs [7,8,9,10,11,48,49].”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The number of adders remains consistent between the ddvm algorithm and the algorithm in [7].
“Furthermore, the number of adders remains consistent between the ddvm algorithm and the algorithm in [7].”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
If the gain-delay blocks in the pre-computation stage of the ddvm algorithm (step 1) are considered, the number of gain-delay blocks in the proposed algorithm and the algorithm in [7] is the same, i.e., 3/2 N^2+O(N).
“If we consider the gain–delay blocks in the pre-computation stage of the ddvm algorithm (step 1), the number of gain–delay blocks in the proposed algorithm and the algorithm in [7] is the same, i.e., 32N2+O(N).”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The gain-delay blocks of the proposed DVM algorithm, (N−1)^2, show favorable results in comparison to [7], N(3N−1)/2.
“The gain–delay blocks of the proposed DVM algorithm (i.e., (N−1)2) show favorable results in comparison to [7] (i.e., N(3N−1)2).”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The proposed approach reduces the computational complexity of the multi-beam beamformer by exploiting sparse factorization of the DVM in [7] followed by the fast DVM algorithm (ddvm).
“we proposed to reduce the computational complexity of the multi-beam beamformer by exploiting sparse factorization of the DVM in [7] followed by the fast DVM algorithm, i.e., ddvm.”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
In prior work, the authors proposed a sparse factorization of the N-beam DVM leading to 60% reduction in integrated circuit complexity.
“In prior work, we proposed a sparse factorization of the N-beam DVM leading to 60% reduction in integrated circuit complexity [7].”
From Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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Integrating Communication and Sensor Arrays to Model and Navigate Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Systems
Perera, S. M., Myers, R. J., Sullivan, K., Byassee, K., Song, H. H., & Madanayake, A. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11193023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
On the performance of hybrid beamforming for closely-spaced and randomly located users
Kayani, A., Woodward, G., Khalid, Z., & Naqvi, I. H. (2023) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-023-03335-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Resolving Two-Dimensional Ambiguity in Subspace-Based Frequency Estimation for Harmonic Signals
Chen, Y.-S., Liao, H.-E., & Lin, Y. (2021) · Circuits Systems and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s00034-021-01736-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Wideband 24-29 GHz Differential All-Pass Filter in 65-nm CMOS
Elamien, M. B., Maundy, B., Belostotski, L., & Elwakil, A. S. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401417 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Malik, A., Perera, S. M., & Henderson, T. A. (2023) · AIAA SciTech Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2023-0699 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Store-Load Phased Array Antenna for Tracking and Communication with LEO Satellites
Zhang, Y., Zhu, L., Li, C., Deng, X., & Feng, H. (2021) · International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) · doi:10.1109/isncc52172.2021.9615789
Ahmed, M. T., Sarma, M. P., & Mastorakis, N. E. (2022) · WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS archive · doi:10.37394/23202.2022.21.36
Performance Analysis of Delay-Phase Precoding for THz–Massive MIMO System
Sur, S. N., Tran, H. Q., Kandar, D., & Nandi, S. (2024) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5337-6_33
Perera, S. M., & Madanayake, A. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA) · doi:10.1109/rfid-ta64374.2024.10965176
A Fast True Time-Delay Wideband Multi-Beam Beamforming Algorithm Based on a 16-Beam Approximate-DVM
Perera, S. M., Lingsch, L., Tuztas, A., & Madanayake, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573930
nth‐Order Analog All‐Pass Filters Using a Single Op‐Amp
Elamien, M. B., Maundy, B., & Elwakil, A. S. (2026) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.70420
A fractional delay FIR filter for time-mode signal processing
Pagkalos, K. P., & Vlassis, S. (2026) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156394
Zhang, S., Cui, Y., & Li, Y. (2026) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156559
- Authors
- Perera, S. M., Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Madanayake, A., Wu, G., Belostotski, L., Wang, Y., Mandal, S., Cintra, R. J., & Rappaport, T. S.
- Affiliations
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach Florida Campus (US)
- University of Akron (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (BR)
- New York University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 368-382
- ISSN
- 1932-4553 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0484
- OpenAlex
- W2796863645
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1711395, 1711625)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Radar Systems and Signal Processing
- Keywords
- wideband beamforming, true-time delay, beam squint, low-complexity algorithms, hybrid beamforming, 5G millimeter-wave, numerical stability, error bounds, 28 GHz
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