The Quantum Theory of Optical Communications
Open accessAbstract
Communication theory applied to lightwave channels is ordinarily carried out using the semiclassical theory of photodetection. Recent development of nonclassical light sources-whose photodetection statistics require the use of quantum theory-plus increasing interest in optics-based approaches to quantum information processing necessitates a thorough understanding of the similarities and distinctions between the semiclassical and quantum theories of optical communications. This paper is addressed to that need, focusing, for convenience, on the free-space communication channel using Gaussian states of light. The quantum version of the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral is reviewed, along with the semiclassical and quantum theories of direct, homodyne, and heterodyne detection. Maximally entangled Gaussian state light is used, in conjunction with quantum photodetection theory, to explain the nonclassical effects seen in Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry and violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt form of Bell's inequality. The classical information capacities of several bosonic channels are reviewed, and shown to exceed what can be achieved using conventional optical receivers.
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Employing QKD protocols is significant for enhancing security in underwater/aquatic scenarios.
“In this regard, authors in [132] carried out the feasibility analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols in the aquatic scenarios and showed the significance of employing QKD protocols in the underwater environment.”
From Quantum Machine Learning for 6G Communication Networks: State-of-the-Art and Vision for the Future (2019) · cites this paper as [132]
The introduction (section B) describes a tutorial on quantum optical communications focused on free-space propagation, and the conclusion likewise describes its emphasis as free-space propagation and photodetection. Searches for QKD, aquatic and underwater feasibility found no passage in our copy assessing QKD protocols or their security significance in underwater settings. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Self-citationSharma, K., Wilde, M. M., Adhikari, S., & Takeoka, M. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aac11a · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Floodlight quantum key distribution: A practical route to gigabit-per-second secret-key rates
Zhuang, Q., Zhang, Z., Dove, J., Wong, F. N. C., & Shapiro, J. H. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.012322 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMitigating 5G security challenges for next-gen industry using quantum computing
Mangla, C., Rani, S., Qureshi, N. M. F., & Singh, A. D. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.07.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sharma, K., Wilde, M. M., Adhikari, S., & Takeoka, M. (2018) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Entanglement reactivation in separable environments
Pirandola, S. (2013) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/11/113046 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sub-Rayleigh Imaging via N -Photon Detection
Guerrieri, F., Maccone, L., Wong, F. N. C., Shapiro, J. H., Tisa, S., & Zappa, F. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.163602 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum optical arbitrary waveform manipulation and measurement in real time
Kowligy, A. S., Manurkar, P., Corzo, N., Velev, V. G., Silver, M., Scott, R. P., Yoo, S. J. B., Kumar, P., Kanter, G. S., & Huang, Y.-P. (2014) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.22.027942 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dutton, Z., Shapiro, J. H., & Guha, S. (2010) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.27.000a63 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationInformation Trade-Offs for Optical Quantum Communication
Wilde, M. M., Hayden, P. M., & Guha, S. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.140501 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Realizable receivers for discriminating coherent and multicopy quantum states near the quantum limit
Nair, R., Guha, S., & Tan, S.-H. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.89.032318 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Refined Analysis of the Poisson Channel in the High-Photon-Efficiency Regime
Wang, L., & Wornell, G. W. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2014.2320718 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mode-resolved photon counting via cascaded quantum frequency conversion
Huang, Y. P., & Kumar, P. (2013) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.38.000468 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Classical Imaging with Undetected Photons
Shapiro, J. H., Venkatraman, D., & Wong, F. N. C. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10329 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSubwavelength quantum imaging with noisy detectors
Lupo, C. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.101.022323 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Upper bounds on secret-key agreement over lossy thermal bosonic channels
Kaur, E., & Wilde, M. M. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.96.062318 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Finite-key analysis for time-energy high-dimensional quantum key distribution
Niu, M. Y., Xu, F., Shapiro, J. H., & Furrer, F. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.052323 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum CDMA Communication Systems
Rezai, M., & Salehi, J. A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2021.3087959 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Detector-Independent Verification of Quantum Light
Sperling, J., Clements, W. R., Eckstein, A., Moore, M., Renema, J. J., Kolthammer, W. S., Nam, S. W., Lita, A. E., Gerrits, T., Vogel, W., et al. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.163602 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Moment-based superresolution: Formalism and applications
Sorelli, G., Gessner, M., Walschaers, M., & Treps, N. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.033515 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Symmetric M -ary phase discrimination using quantum-optical probe states
Nair, R., Yen, B. J., Guha, S., Shapiro, J. H., & Pirandola, S. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.022306 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationDeterministic and cascadable conditional phase gate for photonic qubits
Chudzicki, C., Chuang, I. L., & Shapiro, J. H. (2013) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4903141 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationShapiro, J. H., & Boyd, R. W. (2012) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-012-0399-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationDark Count Statistics in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Cameras for 3-D Imaging LADAR
Itzler, M. A., Krishnamachari, U., Entwistle, M., Jiang, X., Owens, M., & Slomkowski, K. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2014.2321525 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Squeezing-enhanced heterodyne detection of 10 Hz atto-Watt optical signals
Xie, B., & Feng, S. (2018) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.43.006073 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Quantum Illumination with a Hetero-Homodyne Receiver and Sequential Detection
Reichert, M., Zhuang, Q., Shapiro, J. H., & Candia, R. D. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.014030 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationStrong converse for the classical capacity of the pure-loss bosonic channel
Wilde, M. M., & Winter, A. (2014) · Problems of Information Transmission · doi:10.1134/s003294601402001x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mode-independent quantum entanglement for light
Sperling, J., Pérez-Leija, A., Busch, K., & Silberhorn, C. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.100.062129 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Capacities of quantum amplifier channels
Qi, H., & Wilde, M. M. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.95.012339 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Quantum theory of phase-sensitive heterodyne detection
Feng, S., He, D., & Xie, B. (2016) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.33.001365 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
On approaching the ultimate limits of photon-efficient and bandwidth-efficient optical communication
Dolinar, S., Birnbaum, K. M., Erkmen, B. I., & Moision, B. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS) · doi:10.1109/icsos.2011.5783682 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Incoherent on-off keying with classical and non-classical light
Jarzyna, M., Kuszaj, P., & Banaszek, K. (2015) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.23.003170 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Multiplexed communication over a high-speed quantum channel
Heurs, M., Webb, J., Dunlop, A. E., Harb, C. C., Ralph, T. C., & Huntington, E. H. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.81.032325 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mirhosseini, M., Rodenburg, B., Malik, M., & Boyd, R. W. (2013) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2013.834084 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wang, S., Ye, H., Geng, L., Lu, Z.-Q., Xiao, F., Xiao, F., & Han, Q. (2022) · Journal of Electronic Materials · doi:10.1007/s11664-022-09531-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tomographic reconstruction of time-bin-entangled qudits
Nowierski, S. J., Oza, N. N., Kumar, P., & Kanter, G. S. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.042328 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Quantum noise spectroscopy as an incoherent imaging problem
Tsang, M. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.012611 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Photon information efficiency limits in deep-space optical communications
Jarzyna, M., Kunz, L., Zwoliński, W., Jachura, M., & Banaszek, K. (2024) · Optical Engineering · doi:10.1117/1.oe.63.4.041209 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Identification of nonclassical properties of light with multiplexing layouts
Sperling, J., Eckstein, A., Clements, W. R., Moore, M., Renema, J. J., Kolthammer, W. S., Nam, S. W., Lita, A. E., Gerrits, T., Walmsley, I. A., et al. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.96.013804 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stochastic Path-Integral Analysis of the Continuously Monitored Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
Karmakar, T., Lewalle, P., & Jordan, A. N. (2022) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.010327 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Deterministic Identification Over Poisson Channels
Salariseddigh, M. J., Pereg, U., Boche, H., Deppe, C., & Schober, R. (2021) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/gcwkshps52748.2021.9682110 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smirr, J.-L., Deconinck, M., Frey, R., Agha, I. H., Diamanti, E., & Zaquine, I. (2013) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.30.000288 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Scattering of entangled two-photon states
Schotland, J. C., Cazé, A., & Norris, T. B. (2016) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.41.000444 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Heisenberg-Limited Quantum Lidar for Joint Range and Velocity Estimation
Reichert, M., Zhuang, Q., & Sanz, M. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.130801 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Higher order correlation beams in atmosphere under strong turbulence conditions
Avetisyan, H., & Monken, C. H. (2016) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.24.002318 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Second-order coding rates for pure-loss bosonic channelsPreprint
Wilde, M. M., Renes, J. M., & Guha, S. (2014) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Second-order coding rates for pure-loss bosonic channels
Wilde, M. M., Renes, J. M., & Guha, S. (2015) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-015-0997-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shapiro, J. H., Venkatraman, D., & Wong, F. N. C. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01849 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationToward Photon-Efficient Key Distribution Over Optical Channels
Kochman, Y., Wang, L., & Wornell, G. W. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2014.2331060 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quantum photonics with active feedback loops
Engelkemeier, M., Lorz, L., De, S., Brecht, B., Dhand, I., Plenio, M. B., Silberhorn, C., & Sperling, J. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.102.023712 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Classical capacity per unit cost for quantum channels
Jarzyna, M. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.96.032340 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fundamental quantum limits in optical metrology from rate-distortion theory
Nair, R. (2018) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/aade9f · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dove, J., & Shapiro, J. H. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.398226 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical Benchmarking of Scalable Photonic Quantum Systems
Tiedau, J., Engelkemeier, M., Brecht, B., Sperling, J., & Silberhorn, C. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.023601 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Enhanced quantum communication via optical refocusing
Lupo, C., Giovannetti, V., Pirandola, S., Mancini, S., & Lloyd, S. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.010303 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bayesian optimization of Fisher Information in nonlinear multiresonant quantum photonics gyroscopes
Sun, M., Kovanis, V. I., Lončar, M., & Lin, Z. (2024) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2024-0032 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Phase-sensitive heterodyne detection of two-mode squeezed light without noise penalty
Xie, B., Yang, P., & Feng, S. (2018) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.35.002342 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Capacities of linear quantum optical systems
Lupo, C., Giovannetti, V., Pirandola, S., Mancini, S., & Lloyd, S. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.85.062314 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Statistical analysis of dark count rate in Geiger-mode APD FPAs
Itzler, M. A., Krishnamachari, U., Chau, Q. H., Jiang, X., Entwistle, M., Owens, M., & Slomkowski, K. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2068744 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Quantum networks with coherent routing of information through multiple nodes
Kristjánsson, H., Zhong, Y., Munson, A., & Chiribella, G. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00919-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Superresolution imaging with multiparameter quantum metrology in passive remote sensing
Köse, E., & Braun, D. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.032607 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal multipartite entanglement
Kolobov, M. I., & Patera, G. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.83.050302 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Paraxial phasor-field physical optics
Dove, J., & Shapiro, J. H. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.396577 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEntanglement of a pair of quantum emitters via continuous fluorescence measurements: a tutorial
Lewalle, P., Elouard, C., Manikandan, S. K., Qian, X.-F., Eberly, J. H., & Jordan, A. N. (2021) · Advances in Optics and Photonics · doi:10.1364/aop.399081 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Coherence-Based Operational Nonclassicality Criteria
Innocenti, L., Lachman, L., & Filip, R. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.160201 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Classical Capacity of Single-Mode Free-Space Optical Communication: A Review
Erkmen, B. I., Moision, B. E., & Birnbaum, K. M. (2009) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Key Assistance, Key Agreement, and Layered Secrecy for Bosonic Broadcast Channels
Pereg, U., Ferrara, R., & Bloch, M. R. (2021) · IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW) · doi:10.1109/itw48936.2021.9611359 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shannon–Hartley Channel Capacity for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications
Freitas, J. M. D. (2024) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00843 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Classical Imaging with Undetected Photons
Shapiro, J. H., Venkatraman, D., & Wong, F. N. C. (2015) · doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.ff2a.8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Quantum-enhanced passive remote sensing
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Quantum super-resolution with balanced homodyne detection in low-earth-orbit
Gosalia, R., Malaney, R., Aguinaldo, R., & Green, J. (2023) · Laser Physics · doi:10.1088/1555-6611/ad1750 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Capacity of a Lossy Photon Channel With Direct Detection
Łukanowski, K., & Jarzyna, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3075714 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Single-photon super-resolved spectroscopy from spatial-mode demultiplexing
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Refined analysis of the Poisson channel in the high-photon-efficiency regime
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Radiative transport for two-photon light
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- Authors
- Shapiro, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shapiro, J.H.
- ORCID
- Shapiro, J.H.
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1547-1569
- ISSN
- 1077-260X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2133241337
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- Northwestern University
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Keywords
- optical quantum communication, Huygens-Fresnel diffraction, homodyne detection, heterodyne detection, direct detection, nonclassical light, Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry, Bell inequality violation, bosonic channels, free-space optical communication, quantum information processing
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