New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs
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We report on a high-intensity source of polarization-entangled photon pairs with high momentum definition. Type-II noncollinear phase matching in parametric down conversion produces true entanglement: No part of the wave function must be discarded, in contrast to previous schemes. With two-photon fringe visibilities in excess of 97%, we demonstrated a violation of Bell's inequality by over 100 standard deviations in less than 5 min. The new source allowed ready preparation of all four of the EPR-Bell states.
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Both SPDC sources produce pairs in polarization state |Ψ−>.
“such that both sources produce pairs in polarization state Ψ À j i. 34”
From Integrated-optics heralded controlled-NOT gate for polarization-encoded qubits (2018) · cites this paper as [34]
The paper’s discussion of Bell-state preparation (p. 4338) says its type-II down-conversion source can produce any of the four EPR-Bell states by adjusting birefringent elements, which includes |Ψ−⟩. It describes a single source, however, and does not establish that both sources in the citing paper produce that state. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn SPDC, photons from a pump laser beam within a nonlinear crystal can spontaneously be converted into pairs that are momentum and frequency entangled, and in the type-II process can also be polarization entangled.
“In SPDC photons from a pump laser beam, within a nonlinear crystal, can spontaneously be converted into pairs that are momentum and frequency entangled, and in the so-called type-II process can be also polarization entangled (Kwiat et al., 1995).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Kwiat et al., 1995
The paper’s Abstract describes spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a nonlinear crystal and says noncollinear type-II phase matching produces polarization-entangled photon pairs. It also discusses momentum correlations, but does not establish that the pairs described are momentum-entangled; it treats momentum-entangled states as distinct states into which its polarization-entangled states can be transformed. No passage found establishes the claimed frequency entanglement. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe standard method to produce polarization-entangled photons is the noncollinear type-II SPDC process.
“Currentlythe standard method to produce polarization-entangled photons is the noncollinear type-II SPDC process (Kwiat et al., 1995).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Kwiat et al., 1995
The paper describes producing polarization-entangled photon pairs by noncollinear type-II parametric down-conversion (Abstract; page not given). It presents the technique as novel, however, and does not establish that it is currently the standard method. It says that, at the time of publication, most down-conversion experiments had used type-I phase matching. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParametric down-conversion has been serving as the main workhorse for the multiphoton experiments reviewed here; up to eight entangled photons have been observed.
“Parametric down-conversion (Kwiat et al. 1995;White et al. 1999) has been serving as the main workhorse for the multiphoton experiments reviewed here; up to eight entangled photons have been observed (Yao et al. 2007a).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Kwiat et al. 1995
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPolarization entanglement in type-II SPDC was discovered by Kwiat et al. (1995).
“Polarization entanglement in type-II process was discovered by Kwiat et al. (1995).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Kwiat et al. (1995)
A fundamental requirement is that the photons have no temporal distinguishability, otherwise it will reduce the entanglement.
“A fundamental requirement is that the photons have no temporal distinguishability, otherwise it will reduce the entanglement. 27”
From A two-channel, spectrally degenerate polarization entangled source on chip (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
In type II parametric down-conversion, an incoming pump photon can decay spontaneously into two photons which are in the state given by Eq. (2).
“In this technique, inside a nonlinear crystal, an incoming pump photon can decay spontaneously into two photons which, in the case of type II parametric down-conversion, are in the state given by Eq. (2) (Fig. 2) [6].”
From Experimental quantum teleportation (1997) · cites this paper as [6]
The two possible downconversion processes are coherent with one another as long as the emitted spatial modes for a given pair of photons are indistinguishable for the two crystals.
“these two possible downconversion processes are coherent with one another, as long as the emitted spatial modes for a given pair of photons are indistinguishable for the two crystals [19].”
From Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons (1999) · cites this paper as [19]
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“The standard method to produce polarization-entangled photons in now the noncollinear type-II SPDC process (Kwiat et al., 1995) and its principle is desribed in (Fig.”
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Experimental Observation of Four-Photon Entanglement from Parametric Down-Conversion
Eibl, M., Gaertner, S., Bourennane, M., Kurtsiefer, C., Żukowski, M., & Weinfurter, H. (2003) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.90.200403 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationHeralded generation of entangled photon pairs
Barz, S., Cronenberg, G., Zeilinger, A., & Walther, P. (2010) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.156 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationWei, Y.-J., He, Y.-M., Chen, M.-C., Hu, Y.-N., He, Y., Wu, D., Schneider, C., Kamp, M., Höfling, S., Lu, C.-Y., et al. (2014) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl503081n · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Interferometric Bell-state analysis
Michler, M., Mattle, K., Weinfurter, H., & Zeilinger, A. (1996) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.53.r1209 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationSteiner, T. J., Castro, J. E., Chang, L., Dang, Q., Xie, W., Norman, J., Bowers, J. E., & Moody, G. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.010337 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Following the seminal experiments demonstrating the creation of photon pairs in maximally entangled Bell states over two decades ago, parametric down conversion in bulk nonlinear crystals has been the workhorse for quantum light generation [5].”
MethodThe Quantum Theory of Optical Communications
Shapiro, J. H. (2009) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2009.2024959 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Frequency multiplexing for quasi-deterministic heralded single-photon sources
Joshi, C., Farsi, A., Clemmen, S., Ramelow, S., & Gaeta, A. L. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03254-4 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Quantum Entanglement of a Large Number of Photons
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All-Versus-Nothing Violation of Local Realism by Two-Photon, Four-Dimensional Entanglement
Yang, T., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Yin, J., Zhao, Z., Żukowski, M., Chen, Z.-B., & Pan, J.-W. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.240406 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Demonstrating Anyonic Fractional Statistics with a Six-Qubit Quantum Simulator
Lu, C.-Y., Gao, W.-B., Gühne, O., Zhou, X.-Q., Chen, Z.-B., & Pan, J.-W. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.102.030502 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Postselection-free energy-time entanglement
Strekalov, D. V., Pittman, T. B., Sergienko, A. V., Shih, Y. H., & Kwiat, P. G. (1996) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.54.r1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationChip-scale nonlinear photonics for quantum light generation
Moody, G., Chang, L., Steiner, T. J., & Bowers, J. E. (2020) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0020684 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Experimental Observation of an Entire Family of Four-Photon Entangled States
Wieczorek, W., Schmid, C., Kiesel, N., Pohlner, R., Gühne, O., & Weinfurter, H. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.010503 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrated-optics heralded controlled-NOT gate for polarization-encoded qubits
Zeuner, J., Sharma, A. N., Tillmann, M., Heilmann, R., Gräfe, M., Moqanaki, A., Szameit, A., & Walther, P. (2018) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-018-0068-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Generalized Hong–Ou–Mandel experiments with bosons and fermions
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Pulsed Sagnac polarization-entangled photon source with a PPKTP crystal at telecom wavelength
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Quantum random walk of two photons in separable and entangled states
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Experimental quantum process tomography of non-trace-preserving maps
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A two-channel, spectrally degenerate polarization entangled source on chip
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Spectral polarization and spectral phase control of time-energy entangled photons
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Parasitic photon-pair suppression via photonic stop-band engineering
Helt, L. G., Brańczyk, A. M., Liscidini, M., & Steel, M. J. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.073603 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Experimental hierarchy of two-qubit quantum correlations without state tomography
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Quantum entanglement and classical correlation have the same form
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Violations of local realism in multiphoton interference experiments
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Transformation of Bell states using linear optics
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Equivalence principle and quantum mechanics: quantum simulation with entangled photons
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Sun, Y., Sun, C.-W., Zhou, W., Yang, R., Duan, J.-C., Gong, Y.-X., Xu, P., & Zhu, S.-N. (2023) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/acd8b3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kwiat, P. G., Mattle, K., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., Sergienko, A. V., & Shih, Y.
- Affiliations
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1995-12-11
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 4337-4341
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2045140905
- Cited by
- 3,102
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 122 · 2012: 134
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- polarization-entangled photon pairs, parametric down-conversion, Bell inequality violation, two-photon interference
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