Cited by 1,939Interactive and Immersive DisplaysUsability and User Interface DesignLogic, programming, and type systems

Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages

Shneiderman·1983·Computer

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/mc.1983.1654471

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • In process control, operators have a distinct preference for surface control rather than deep control of the system.

    “While this surface/deep control distinction is best thought of as a continuum, studies of process control environments have often indicated that operators have a distinct preference for surface control rather than deep control of the system (e.g., [81, 92]).”

    From Ecological interface design: theoretical foundations (1992) · cites this paper as [92]

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Authors
Shneiderman
Affiliations
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Corresponding author
Shneiderman
Venue
Computer
Published
1983-08
Volume
16
Issue
8
Pages
57-69
ISSN
0018-9162 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2099305423
Cited by
1,939
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 55
FWCI
32.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Computer (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Interactive and Immersive Displays
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, programming, and type systems
Keywords
direct manipulation, programming languages, user interface, human-computer interaction, graphical user interface

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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