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Hierarchical Control of Space Closed Ecosystems: Expanding Microgrid Concepts to Bioastronautics
Open accessAbstract
One of the main challenges of human space exploration is the development of artificial ecosystems, which can be used as life support systems (LSSs) to enable long-duration human space missions. In an open LSS, no food generation or waste treatment is provided in space, and supplies from Earth are necessary. According to Figure 1, considering the approximate metabolic consumables and hygiene water as well as the number of crewmembers [1], a huge mass would be required to be transported from Earth, which brings the necessity of a regenerative or closed LSS [2]-[4]. Closed ecological systems (CESs) are ecosystems without any matter exchange with the outside environment [2]. The most advanced humanmade CESs include Advanced Life Support System Test Bed (ALSSTB) (the NASA Johnson Space Research Center, Houston, Texas), Biosphere 2 (Oracle, Arizona), BIOS-3 (Krasnoyarsk, Russia-no longer operative), the Closed Ecology Experiment Facility (CEEF) complex (Rokkasho, Japan), the Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) Pilot Plant (MPP) (Universitat Aut?noma de Barcelona, Spain), and the Concordia Antarctica Station, which are different from one another with respect to their complexity, size, and degree of closure [2]. CESs are necessary for long-term manned space missions, which aim to minimize support from Earth. They are composed of several specific compartments that, together, reproduce the main functionalities of an ecological system in a continuous mode of operation and under controlled conditions.
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The hierarchical architecture for space closed ecosystems can be scaled up to include the interconnection of several ecosystems.
“The hierarchical architecture can also be scaled up to include the interconnection of several ecosystems.”
From New Horizons for Microgrids: From Rural Electrification to Space Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
The indexed copy returns publication metadata and the paper’s title, but no passage from the article discussing whether its hierarchical architecture can connect several ecosystems. Searches for “interconnection of several ecosystems” and for scaling up the architecture found no passage addressing that point. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Olivares, D. E., Mehrizi-Sani, A., Etemadi, A. H., Canizares, C. A., Iravani, R., Kazerani, M., Hajimiragha, A. H., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., Saeedifard, M., Palma-Behnke, R., et al. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2295514 · Cited by 3,137
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Space Microgrids for Future Manned Lunar Bases: A Review
Saha, D., Bazmohammadi, N., Raya-Armenta, J. M., Bintoudi, A. D., Lashab, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2021) · IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy · doi:10.1109/oajpe.2021.3116674 · Cited by 64
Self-citationOptimal Sizing and Siting of PV and Battery Based Space Microgrids Near the Moon’s Shackleton Crater
Saha, D., Bazmohammadi, N., Raya-Armenta, J. M., Bintoudi, A. D., Lashab, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3239303 · Cited by 32
“to the overall habitat electrical power consumption [40].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNew Horizons for Microgrids: From Rural Electrification to Space Applications
Micallef, A., Guerrero, J. M., & Vasquez, J. C. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16041966 · Cited by 31
Self-citationPower and Energy Management System of a Lunar Microgrid—Part I: Modeling Power Demand of ISRU
Saha, D., Bazmohammadi, N., Lashab, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3336849 · Cited by 12
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ciurans, C., Bazmohammadi, N., Vasquez, J. C., Dussap, G., Guerrero, J. M., & Godia, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Aalborg University (DK)
- Venue
- IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 16-27
- ISSN
- 1932-4529 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0115
- OpenAlex
- W3111006193
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vbn.aau.dk
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine (publishedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Villum Fonden (25920)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control
- Keywords
- closed ecological systems, hierarchical control, microgrids, bioastronautics, life support systems, regenerative life support, long-duration spaceflight, artificial ecosystems, Melissa, Biosphere 2, waste treatment
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