Will Metaverse Be NextG Internet? Vision, Hype, and Reality

“A narrow definition of Metaverse is thus a universal virtual world focusing on social interaction, which connects multiple 3D virtual environments via the Internet ( i.e., a network of virtual worlds [2]).”

“Laaki et al. [5] designed a prototype for remote surgery using digital twins of patients.”

“On the one hand, compared to traditional 2D videos, the bandwidth for transmitting up to 16K 360-degree panorama [6] or 3D volumetric content [7] to XR headsets could be high.”

“Another promising strategy to address the aforementioned scalability issue is to utilize remote rendering [14], in which the server is responsible for performing rendering tasks.”

“Similar to online social networks, in the Metaverse, there will be security and privacy issues, such as attacks on user authentication and impersonation [9].”

“Currently, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines the standard broadband service as 25 Mbps in downlink and 3 Mbps in uplink [8].”

“issues, the metaverse is considered a separate discipline [10].”

“Additionally, in the Metaverse, “ relational transcendence ” enables intimate interactions and seamless communication with multiple entities in ways that are not possible in the real world (Cheng et al., 2022).”

“In recent years, with the continuing development of virtual reality (VR) technologies and the emergence of the Metaverse [12], utilizing VR for online education has gained increasing popularity [72].”

“Virtual reality (VR) is a crucial technology for implementing the Metaverse and has attracted considerable attention [1].”

“As social Virtual Reality (VR) gains traction, remote meetings are speculated to gradually shift towards immersive virtual spaces, i.e., the Metaverse [12], where users wear head-mounted displays (HMDs) to interact with each other via 3D avatars instead of live video feeds.”

“In addition, Zuckerberg renamed Facebook to Meta and planned to invest billions of dollars in metaverse [3].”

“Research states that 60% of chronically lonely humans end up having mental distress;”

“Representative cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether have gained popularity in the virtual world, facilitating virtual transactions and the circulation of goods [12].”

“Metaverse overcomes the limitations of traditional online communication and the physical world, and conducts various social activities in the virtual world by generating images [1].”

“…virtual and distance learning [2], [18], [20], [22], [23], [24] 3 Interactive learning environment [8], [18], [19], [20], [21], [23], [24], [25], [26] 4 Flexible teaching process [19], [21], [24] C. IoT in Metaverse The Internet of Things (IoT) in the metaverse primarily serves as a bridge…”

“In order to ensure that the developed learning model is appropriate and can be used for the greatest benefit, this learning model will be evaluated by experts before it is implemented.”

“…Metaverse platforms serve as a shared 3D space whereby users/consumers can either opt to access these platforms via AR/VR/XR devices or can access Metaverse platforms through various devices (i.e., Computers/Smartphones) on platforms such as Roblox, Fortnite Creative, and Decentraland [20,21].”

“Through the integration of decentralized blockchain platforms, the metaverse offers secure ” (Cheng et al., 2022: 197).”

“The recent advancements in networking technologies, hardware capabilities, and video compression algorithms make video streaming dominant Internet traffic [1].”

“Meta, HTC, and Microsoft have recently released various head-mounted display (HMD) devices to support the construction of the metaverse [5], [6], [7].”

“The metaverse is defined as a hypothetical next-generation Internet, which aims to generate a shared virtual environment that connects all virtual worlds (Cheng et al., 2022).”

“…2022 [20] IEEE 2023 [90] IEEE 2022 [91] ACM 2023 [92] Elsevier 2023 [93] MDPI 2023 [55] JMIRx Med 2022 [94] MDPI 2023 [95] IEEE 2023 [96] IEEE 2023 [97] IEEE 2022 [98] Springer 2023 The majority of the articles were from 2023 (54.1%), and the remaining were from 2022 (29.2%), 2021 (8.3%), 2020…”

“To make the Metaverse a reality, advanced and computation-intense capabilities of computing servers are required to deliver near “zero” latency services [11].”

“This idea, initially conceptualized in science fiction [40], is now becoming a reality [10].”

“With the development of communication technology and virtual reality (VR) technology, virtual Metaverse services gradually enter people’s lives, giving people an immersive experience different from the real world [1], [2].”

“Over the past three decades, technological advancements have laid the foundation for a more tangible metaverse experience [16].”

“[1].”

“…concept has also been considered as the next-generation Internet, with many high-tech companies engaging in this area to build the infrastructure [2] and gain access to of the metaverse and its underlying technologies grows in adoption, there are also new research questions and challenges that…”

“Metaverse applications have stringent technical requirements to deliver a seamless, fluid, high-quality and fully immersive experience to the masses [3], [5].”

“Users can also produce content and design the world the way they want [7], making life in virtual and real worlds more seamless [8], [9], [10].”

“T HE rise of Metaverse and embodied artificial intelligence has attracted significant interest in virtual reality (VR) in various fields, which creates a virtual space for users with VR devices for entertainment, remote training, and socialization [2], [3].”

“As a direction for the next generation of the digital revolution, the vision of the Metaverse is to create a digital world interconnected with the real world [1].”

“Thus, social VR has been deemed an important building block of the burgeoning Metaverse [16, 80].”

“…are not limited to social media and that Meta did not invent the metaverse or VR and AR, it is reasonable and realistic to consider the company as a reference player, since, currently, it is the most involved one in the development of a metaverse for social purposes, as also mentioned in [7].”

“Metaverse has been considered as the next generation of the internet in both industry and academia [19].”

“Popularity of XR services has seen a huge growth [3], [4], The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Miguel López-Benítez .”

“Eye-based interactions are applied extensively, such as for enhancing security in smart devices [4], monitoring drivers in advanced driver assistance systems [5], incorporating augmented reality glasses into virtual reality and gaming industries [6], and enabling health diagnoses in healthcare [7].”

“…studies on various RTC systems, including video conferencing [6, 46, 57], cloud gaming [28, 60, 69], immersive telepresence systems [15], and social virtual reality platforms in the metaverse [13, 14, 39], examining different aspects such as bandwidth demand, scalability, and resiliency.”

“It can perceive the physical world and control synthetic bodies [4], thereby assisting or substituting human labor.”

“Particularly relevant to the focus of this study is the growing use of metaverse technologies to develop and deliver educational content aligned with environmental sustainability goals [13,14].”

“As a virtual extension of our social and professional lives, Metaverse redefines how we live, work, and socialize by enabling a seamless interwoven of the physical world with a virtual cyberspace [6].”

“( Maghaydah et al., 2024; Shi et al ., 2023; Cheng et al., 2022) Higher education institutions have shown growing interest in the notion of the metaverse, which has emerged as a crucial and increasingly prominent area of focus in the last few years.”

“As a virtual extension of our social and professional lives, Metaverse redefines how we live, work, and socialize by enabling a seamless interwoven of the physical world with a virtual cyberspace [4].”

“Metaverse [6] [7] is a collective virtual shared space created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical reality, augmented reality (AR), and the internet, introduces new dimensions to healthcare delivery [8].”

“The metaverse has received extensive attention recently owing to its bright vision to connect the physical world with the cyber world via a number of enabling technologies, such as extended reality, digital twins, the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchains [11, 12, 33].”

“Horizon Workrooms [17] is an application for Facebook’s Horizon social platform dedicated to office scenarios.”

“Several studies propose taxonomies and conceptual frameworks centered on multi-user interaction, digital identity, and persistent virtual [12], [37], [38].”

“Finally, the evolution of social networks toward the so-called metaverse will result in significant growth in uplink-traffic demand (Cheng et al., 2022).”

“The Metaverse, often instantiated through social VR and virtual worlds [112], can be conceptualized as a speculative, future-oriented socio-spatial-technical infrastructure in which users in-habit persistent, interconnected virtual environments as embod-ied avatars [11, 28, 39].”

“Roadmaps emphasize technical requirements including scalability, accessibility, security, privacy, and legal frameworks [30], positioning the Metaverse as a potential catalyst for social transformation [11].”

“As mentioned in the previous literature, the avatar realism, expressiveness, and customization play an important role in the embodiment and identity representation of users [3].”

“Notably [18], introduced an attention-proximal policy optimization framework to assess semantic data importance [19]. designed a two-stage stochastic approach to optimize resource allocation for semantic communications [20]. proposed a resource distribution framework that prioritizes semantic…”

“Access to the metaverse requires speci fi c technological resources, such as VR headsets and a high-speed Internet connection, which may not be available to all users (Cheng et al., 2022).”

“This convergence is enabled by extended reality (XR) devices, real-time 3D engines, edge/cloud rendering, and identity/asset rails built on Web3 [1], [2].”

“There are various definitions of metaverse proposed in recent researches, in Cheng [10] for example, indicates that metaverse is a new form of social network that allow users interact as in real-life in an immersive virtual environment via digital avatar.”

“The integration of drones, the metaverse, and blockchain offers a transformative so-lution to these challenges [1].”

“With the help of the Internet, it seeks to establish a common virtual environment where users, portrayed as digital avatars, can interact and converse much like they would in the real world [6].”

“Much of the academic research on the Meta-verse has concentrated on defining its scope [2], technical requirements [3], and overall framework [4], as well as exploring its challenges and opportunities [5], [6].”

“Metamesta itself is popularized as a new generation of the internet, so the interactions within it are crafted to resemble those in the real world [4].”

“…to describe a socially engaged community of creators and participants in a persistent VR environment whose promises are further elaborated in [2], we want to also acknowledge that the definition is fluid and we believe there will be innovation and discovery over the next few years that will…”

“Past research has focused mainly on bandwidth to solve this problem [3], but it is still insufficient to develop into a real service.”

“It manifests as a vast, interconnected, and enduring virtual cosmos – an evolution of the Internet from which it springs [6].”

“The concept of the metaverse was noted in [1], which”

“Même si le concept de métaverse partage les mêmes préoccupations que de nombreuses applications XR indépendantes, il doit être considéré comme une discipline différente [1].”