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Cited by 507Advanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesAdvanced Antenna and Metasurface TechnologiesAntenna Design and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A signal processing perspective with wireless applications

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Bjornson, Emil, Wymeersch, Henk, Matthiesen, Bho, Popovski, Petar, Sanguinetti, Luca, de Carvalho, Elisabeth·2022·IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
DOI 10.1109/msp.2021.3130549
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Abstract

Antenna array technology enables the directional transmission and reception of wireless signals for communication, localization, and sensing purposes. The signal processing algorithms that underpin it began to be developed several decades ago[1], but it was with the deployment of 5G wireless mobile networks that the technology became mainstream[2]. The number of antenna elements in the arrays of 5G base stations (BSs) and user devices can be measured on the order of hundreds and tens, respectively. As networks shift toward using higher-frequency bands, more antennas fit into a given aperture. For communication purposes, the arrays are harnessed to form beams in desired directions to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and multiplex data signals in the spatial domain (to one or multiple devices) and to suppress interference by spatial filtering[2]. For localization purposes, these arrays are employed to maintain the SNR when operating across wider bandwidths, for angle-of-arrival estimation, and to separate multiple sources and scatterers[3]. The practical use of these features requires that each antenna array is equipped with well-designed signal processing algorithms.

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  • By adequately training and configuring the transmission coefficients of the meta-atoms using error backpropagation, a SIM is capable of performing desired functions through the interactions of spatial electromagnetic waves with the metasurface layers.

    “By adequately training and configuring the transmission coefficients of the meta-atoms using error backpropagation, a SIM is capable of performing desired functions through the interactions of spatial EM waves with the metasurface layers [15], [16].”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Three-dimensional stacked intelligent metasurfaces have been developed to realize analog signal processing in the wave domain.

    “Recently, three-dimensional (3D) stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) have been developed to realize analog signal processing in the wave domain [15].”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The introduction (p. 1) describes reconfigurable intelligent surfaces as two-dimensional surfaces that control how wireless waves propagate, and I. HISTORY AND FUNDAMENTALS (p. 4) discusses their signal-processing challenges. Searches for stacked intelligent metasurfaces, multiple layers, and analog processing in the wave domain found no passage saying that three-dimensional SIM have been developed for that purpose. The discussion of two-dimensional RIS does not establish that the claimed three-dimensional devices do not exist. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • SIM can perform parallel calculations for all input electromagnetic signals, demonstrating excellent scalability.

    “Additionally, SIM can perform parallel calculations for all input EM signals, demonstrating its excellent scalability [15].”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The paper describes RIS signal modeling and applications (Summary, p. 38), while its discussion of scaling concerns signal-to-noise ratio as the number of RIS elements grows (Scaling laws and near-field regime, pp. 36–37). Searches for SIM, parallel processing of input electromagnetic signals, and computational scalability found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Research works printed but not linked: 48

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  29. 10.1109/MAP.2015.2453883 · DOI
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  39. 10.1109/ICC42927.2021.9500830 · DOI
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  41. 10.1109/LWC.2021.3077085 · DOI
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  43. 10.1109/LWC.2021.3050826 · DOI
  44. 10.1109/TAP.1970.1139649 · DOI
  45. 10.1109/LCOMM.2020.3023130 · DOI
  46. 10.1109/TSP.2021.3101644 · DOI
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  48. 10.1109/JSAC.2017.2720856 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Bjornson, E., Wymeersch, H., Matthiesen, B., Popovski, P., Sanguinetti, L., & de Carvalho, E.
Affiliations
  • KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
  • Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
  • University of Bremen (DE)
  • Aalborg University (DK)
  • University of Pisa (IT)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2022-03
Volume
39
Issue
2
Pages
135-158
ISSN
  • 1053-5888 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-0792
DOI
10.1109/msp.2021.3130549
OpenAlex
W3128409631
Cited by
507
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 66 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 64
FWCI
28.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Signal Processing Magazine (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
  • Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Horizon 2020 Reconfigurable Intelligent Sustainable Environments (101017011)
  • Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (FFL18-0277)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
Keywords
reconfigurable intelligent surface, antenna arrays, beamforming, 5G, spatial filtering, angle of arrival estimation, localization, source separation, signal processing algorithms, millimeter-wave communication

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