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Cited by 112Advanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesAdvanced Antenna and Metasurface TechnologiesMetamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications

Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How It Works, State of Research, and the Road Ahead

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Di Renzo, Marco, Zappone, Alessio, Debbah, Merouane, Alouini, Mohamed-Slim, Yuen, Chau, de Rosny, Julien, Tretyakov, Sergei·2020·IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
DOI 10.1109/jsac.2020.3007211
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Abstract

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are an emerging transmission technology for application to wireless communications. RISs can be realized in different ways, which include (i) large arrays of inexpensive antennas that are usually spaced half of the wavelength apart; and (ii) metamaterial-based planar or conformal large surfaces whose scattering elements have sizes and inter-distances much smaller than the wavelength. Compared with other transmission technologies, e.g., phased arrays, multi-antenna transmitters, and relays, RISs require the largest number of scattering elements, but each of them needs to be backed by the fewest and least costly components. Also, no power amplifiers are usually needed. For these reasons, RISs constitute a promising software-defined architecture that can be realized at reduced cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP design), and are regarded as an enabling technology for realizing the emerging concept of smart radio environments (SREs). In this paper, we (i) introduce the emerging research field of RIS-empowered SREs; (ii) overview the most suitable applications of RISs in wireless networks; (iii) present an electromagnetic-based communication-theoretic framework for analyzing and optimizing metamaterial-based RISs; (iv) provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research; and (v) discuss the most important research issues to tackle. Owing to the interdisciplinary essence of RIS-empowered SREs, finally, we put forth the need of reconciling and reuniting C. E. Shannon's mathematical theory of communication with G. Green's and J. C. Maxwell's mathematical theories of electromagnetism for appropriately modeling, analyzing, optimizing, and deploying future wireless networks empowered by RISs.

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  • The benefits of RIS-empowered FL systems highly depend on the capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic waves at the metasurfaces.

    “The benefits of RIS-empowered FL systems highly depend on the capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic waves at the metasurfaces [49], whose reconfigurability is typically enabled by switches, tunable material, topological metasurfaces, and hybrid metasurfaces [299].”

    From Edge artificial intelligence for 6g: vision, enabling technologies, and applications (2022) · cites this paper as [49]

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200 of 275 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Di Renzo, M., Zappone, A., Debbah, M., Alouini, M.-S., Yuen, C., de Rosny, J., & Tretyakov, S.
Affiliations
  • Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT)
  • Huawei Technologies (China) (CN)
  • King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
  • Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
  • Aalto University (FI)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2020-11
Volume
38
Issue
11
Pages
2450-2525
ISSN
  • 0733-8716 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-0008
DOI
10.1109/jsac.2020.3007211
OpenAlex
W3017034203
Cited by
112
References
2
Citations by year
2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
FWCI
7.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
European Commission through the H2020 ARIADNE Project (871464)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
Keywords
reconfigurable intelligent surface, smart radio environments, wireless network applications, electromagnetic simulation

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