The DOI matches its Crossref record; 172 of the 172 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes
Abstract
Eye behaviour provides valuable information revealing one's higher cognitive functions and state of affect. Although eye tracking is gaining ground in the research community, it is not yet a popular approach for the detection of emotional and cognitive states. In this paper, we present a review of eye and pupil tracking related metrics (such as gaze, fixations, saccades, blinks, pupil size variation, etc.) utilized towards the detection of emotional and cognitive processes, focusing on visual attention, emotional arousal and cognitive workload. Besides, we investigate their involvement as well as the computational recognition methods employed for the reliable emotional and cognitive assessment. The publicly available datasets employed in relevant research efforts were collected and their specifications and other pertinent details are described. The multimodal approaches which combine eye-tracking features with other modalities (e.g. biosignals), along with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were also surveyed in terms of their recognition/classification accuracy. The limitations, current open research problems and prospective future research directions were discussed for the usage of eye-tracking as the primary sensor modality. This study aims to comprehensively present the most robust and significant eye/pupil metrics based on available literature towards the development of a robust emotional or cognitive computational model.
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Cites
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“There are various dimensional models of affect, the most known of which is the circumplex model of Russell [5], which maps emotions along predefined axes.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design
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“According to cognitive load theory, there are three types of cognitive load: 1) intrinsic load 2) extraneous load and 3) germane load [16].”
BackgroundLearning to predict where humans look
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The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation
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What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it?
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“Some attributes or regions of the stimuli are more probable to attract the observer’s covert or overt attention, making them salient, such as distinctive color, motion, orientation, or size [79].”
BackgroundGraph-based approach for airborne light detection and ranging segmentation
Vilariño, D. L., Cabaleiro, J. C., Martínez, J., Rivera, F. F., & Pena, T. F. (2017) · Journal of Applied Remote Sensing · doi:10.1117/1.jrs.11.015020 · Cited by 1,721
Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life
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Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research
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In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze
Hansen, D. W., & Ji, Q. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2009.30 · Cited by 1,546
Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention
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Cited by
Eye tracking technology for examining cognitive processes in education: a systematic review
Liu, X., & Cui, Y. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105263 · Cited by 59
Metadata
- Authors
- Skaramagkas, V., Giannakakis, G., Ktistakis, E., Manousos, D., Karatzanis, I., Tachos, N., Tripoliti, E., Marias, K., Fotiadis, D. I., & Tsiknakis, M.
- Venue
- IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 16
- Pages
- 260-277
- ISSN
- 1937-3333 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1189
- OpenAlex
- W3137529719
- Cited by
- 419
- References
- 172
- FWCI
- 26.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Skaramagkas, V., Giannakakis, G., Ktistakis, E., Manousos, D., Karatzanis, I., Tachos, N., Tripoliti, E., Marias, K., Fotiadis, D. I., & Tsiknakis, M. (2023). Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2021.3066072
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