The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A new look at the statistical model identification
Abstract
The history of the development of statistical hypothesis testing in time series analysis is reviewed briefly and it is pointed out that the hypothesis testing procedure is not adequately defined as the procedure for statistical model identification. The classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure is reviewed and a new estimate minimum information theoretical criterion (AIC) estimate (MAICE) which is designed for the purpose of statistical identification is introduced. When there are several competing models the MAICE is defined by the model and the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters which give the minimum of AIC defined by AIC = (-2)log-(maximum likelihood) + 2(number of independently adjusted parameters within the model). MAICE provides a versatile procedure for statistical model identification which is free from the ambiguities inherent in the application of conventional hypothesis testing procedure. The practical utility of MAICE in time series analysis is demonstrated with some numerical examples.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Within a set of models for the same data, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1974) and Expected Cross Validation Index (ECVI; Browne & Cudeck, 1993) can be used to compare competing models that need not be nested (smaller is better).”
From Nostalgia-Evoked Inspiration: Mediating Mechanisms and Motivational Implications (2015) · cites this paper as Akaike, 1974
In the citing paper
“In addition to the theoretical grounding, we further evaluated the appropriateness of using the OSMs with linear models (and linear mixed models) by computing the Akaike information criterion (AIC) [120] and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) [121] of different models for attractiveness and each of the four dependent variables.”
From What is beautiful is still good: the attractiveness halo effect in the era of beauty filters (2024) · cites this paper as [120]
In the citing paper
“AIC measures each model's goodness of fit in proportion to the number of independent variables; when comparing models, the model with the minimal AIC is preferred (Akaike, 1974).”
From Measuring the Evolution of a Scientific Field through Citation Frames (2018) · cites this paper as Akaike, 1974
In the citing paper
“The quality of the statistical model was checked using the entropy maximization principle of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) (Akaike, 1974).”
From Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up (2021) · cites this paper as Akaike, 1974
In the citing paper
“Model fits were compared using the BIC and the AIC [34], which penalise models for the number of free parameters that are estimated to ensure that models with more parameters are not overfitted.”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“The best model was identified using Akaike's (AIC) and Schwartz's information criteria (SBC or BIC) (45,46).”
From Influence of the COMT genotype on working memory and brain activity changes during development (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
Cites
Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle
Akaike, H. (1998) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_15 · Cited by 18,636
Self-citationInformation theory and statistics
(1959) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(59)90368-0 · Cited by 7,318
Mathematical Methods of Statistics.
Geary, R. C., & Cramer, H. L. (1947) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2226151 · Cited by 6,095
Spectral Analysis and its Applications.
Freiberger, W. F., Jenkins, G. M., & Watts, D. G. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2286100 · Cited by 4,990
(1967) · Project Euclid (Cornell University) · Cited by 4,720
ASH, R. B. (1966) · Cited by 3,990
Fitting autoregressive models for prediction
Akaike, H. (1969) · Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bf02532251 · Cited by 2,504
Self-citationFitting Autoregreesive Models for Prediction
Akaike, H. (1998) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_10 · Cited by 2,044
Self-citationThe Statistical Analysis of Time Series.
Anderson, T. W. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532976 · Cited by 2,037
Mallows, C. L. (1973) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1267380 · Cited by 1,978
Information Theory and Statistics.
Dwass, M., & Kullback, S. (1960) · American Mathematical Monthly · doi:10.2307/2309734 · Cited by 1,576
On the identification of variances and adaptive Kalman filtering
Mehra, R. К. (1970) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1970.1099422 · Cited by 1,420
The Statistical Analysis of Time Series.
Priestley, M., & Anderson, T. W. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344686 · Cited by 1,281
Statistical predictor identification
Akaike, H. (1970) · Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bf02506337 · Cited by 1,262
Self-citationStatistical Predictor Identification
Akaike, H. (1998) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_11 · Cited by 1,219
Self-citationMallows, C. L. (1995) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269729 · Cited by 1,089
Further Results on Tests of Separate Families of Hypotheses
Cox, D. R. (1962) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1962.tb00468.x · Cited by 1,022
Tests of Separate Families of Hypotheses
Cox, D. (1961) · Project Euclid (Cornell University) · Cited by 821
Testing Statistical Hypothesis.
Crouse, C. F., & Lehmann, E. L. (1960) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2332982 · Cited by 753
A Study in the Analysis of Stationary Time Series
Bartlett, M. S., & Wold, H. (1955) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1907883 · Cited by 745
Stochastic theory of minimal realization
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100707 · Cited by 429
Self-citationAkaike, H. (1998) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_17 · Cited by 372
Self-citationAutoregressive model fitting for control
Akaike, H. (1971) · Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bf02479221 · Cited by 344
Self-citationAutoregressive Model Fitting for Control
Akaike, H. (1998) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_12 · Cited by 324
Self-citationHypothesis Testing in Time Series Analysis.
Moran, P. A. P., & Whittle, P. (1951) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2981095 · Cited by 323
On-line identification of linear dynamic systems with applications to Kalman filtering
Mehra, R. К. (1971) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1971.1099621 · Cited by 271
Jenkins, G. M., & Whittle, P. (1965) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2343441 · Cited by 268
Roy, A. D., & Hannan, E. J. (1961) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2228937 · Cited by 213
Hypothesis-Testing in Time Series Analysis.
David, F. N., & Whittle, P. (1952) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2332487 · Cited by 182
A Large-Sample Test for the Goodness of Fit of Autoregressive Schemes
Quenouille, M. H. (1947) · Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society · doi:10.2307/2981315 · Cited by 124
Statistical approach to computer control of cement rotary kilns
Otomo, T., Nakagawa, T., & Akaike, H. (1972) · Automatica · doi:10.1016/0005-1098(72)90008-8 · Cited by 100
Self-citationModel Building for Prediction in Regression Based Upon Repeated Significance Tests
Kennedy, W. J., & Bancroft, T. A. (1971) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177693240 · Cited by 93
Estimation of power spectra with finite-order autoregressive models
Gersch, W., & Sharpe, D. (1973) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1973.1100350 · Cited by 83
The prediction error of stationary Gaussian time series of unknown covariance
Davisson, L. (1965) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1965.1053829 · Cited by 73
Comparison of different methods for identification of industrial processes
Gustavsson, I. (1972) · Automatica · doi:10.1016/0005-1098(72)90061-1 · Cited by 59
Some tests of separate families of hypotheses in time series analysis.
Walker, A. M. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 48
Extensions of Quenouille’s Test for Autoregressive Schemes
Bartlett, M. S., & Diananda, P. H. (1950) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1950.tb00047.x · Cited by 47
Some tests of separate families of hypotheses in time series analysis
Walker, A. M. (1967) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/54.1-2.39 · Cited by 41
Goodness of Fit Tests for Simultaneous Autoregressive Series
Bartlett, M. S., & Rajalakshman, D. V. (1953) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1953.tb00130.x · Cited by 39
A Large-Sample Test for Moving Averages
Wold, H. (1949) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1949.tb00036.x · Cited by 38
Note on a Generalization of the Large Sample Goodness of Fit Test for Linear Autoregressive Schemes
Walker, A. M. (1950) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1950.tb00046.x · Cited by 31
A Monte Carlo Comparison of the Regression Method and the Spectral Methods of Prediction
Bhansali, R. J. (1973) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1973.10481395 · Cited by 30
A theory of adaptive filtering
Davisson, L. (1966) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1966.1053884 · Cited by 26
A Study in the Analysis of Stationary Time-Series.
Jenkins, G. M., Wold, H., & Whittle, P. (1955) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2333407 · Cited by 21
An Approximate Treatment of the Properties of the Correlogram and Periodogram
Sargan, J. D. (1953) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1953.tb00132.x · Cited by 20
The statistical approach to the analysis of time-series
Bartlett, M. S. (1953) · Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1953.1188570 · Cited by 14
Walker, A. M., & Lindley, D. V. (1958) · Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0305004100033387 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- akaike, 1972, Automatic data structure search by the maximum likelihood, Computer in Biomedicine Suppl to Proc 5th Hawaii Int Conf on System Sciences, 99
- akaike, 1972, Use of an information theoretic quantity for statistical model identification, Proc 5th Hawaii Int Conf System Sciences, 249
- whittle, 1962, Gaussian estimation in stationary time series, Bull Int Statist Inst, 39, 105
- whittle, 1954, The statistical analysis of a seiche record, J Marine Res, 13, 76
- box, 1970, Time Series Forecasting and Control
- anderson, 1963, Time Series Analysis, 425
- jones, 1973, Autoregressive spectrum estimation, 3rd Conf Probability and Statistics in Atmospheric Sciences
- akaike, 1970, On a semiautomatic power spectrum estimation procedure, Proc 3rd Hawaii Int Conf System Sciences, 974
Cited by
Sorted by citations
On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/bf02723327 · Cited by 26,163
MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution.
Posada, D., & Crandall, K. A. (1998) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817 · Cited by 19,820
Deep learning in neural networks: an overview
Schmidhuber, J. (2015) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003 · Cited by 18,570
Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use
Electrophysiology, T. F. O. T. E. S. O. C. T. N. A. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.5.1043 · Cited by 17,159
jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing
Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2109 · Cited by 17,034
Metadata
- Authors
- Akaike, H.
- Affiliations
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Akaike, H.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control
- Published
- 1974-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 716-723
- ISSN
- 0018-9286 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142635246
- Cited by
- 51,879
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2363 · 2025: 2646 · 2024: 2436 · 2023: 2545 · 2022: 2756 · 2021: 3085 · 2020: 2796 · 2019: 2643 · 2018: 2462 · 2017: 2474 · 2016: 2272 · 2015: 2369 · 2014: 2357 · 2013: 2274 · 2012: 2097
- FWCI
- 42.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Control Systems and Identification
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Statistical and numerical algorithms
- Keywords
- time series analysis, hypothesis testing, maximum likelihood estimation, Akaike information criterion, model selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review