The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Breaking the Hierarchy: Distributed Control and Economic Optimality in Microgrids
Open accessAbstract
Modeled after the hierarchical control architecture of power transmission systems, a layering of primary, secondary, and tertiary control has become the standard operation paradigm for islanded microgrids. Despite this superficial similarity, the control objectives in microgrids across these three layers are varied and ambitious, and they must be achieved while allowing for robust plug-and-play operation and maximal flexibility, without hierarchical decision making and time-scale separations. In this paper, we explore control strategies for these three layers and illuminate some possibly unexpected connections and dependencies among them. Building from a first-principle analysis of decentralized primary droop control, we study centralized, decentralized, and distributed architectures for secondary frequency regulation. We find that averaging-based distributed controllers using communication among the generation units offer the best combination of flexibility and performance. We further leverage these results to study constrained ac economic dispatch in a tertiary control layer. Surprisingly, we show that the minimizers of the economic dispatch problem are in one-to-one correspondence with the set of steady states reachable by droop control. In other words, the adoption of droop control is necessary and sufficient to achieve economic optimization. This equivalence results in simple guidelines to select the droop coefficients, which include the known criteria for power sharing. We illustrate the performance and robustness of our designs through simulations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Boyd, S., & Vandenberghe, L. (2004) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804441 · Cited by 56,601
Guerrero, J. M., Vasquez, J. C., Matas, J., de Vicuna, L. G., & Castilla, M. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2066534 · Cited by 5,075
Defining Control Strategies for MicroGrids Islanded Operation
Lopes, J. A. P., Moreira, C. L., & Madureira, A. G. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2006.873018 · Cited by 2,312
Lasseter, R. H. (2003) · 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37309) · doi:10.1109/pesw.2002.985003 · Cited by 1,997
Guerrero, J. M., Chandorkar, M., Lee, T.-L., & Loh, P. C. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2194969 · Cited by 1,976
Control of parallel connected inverters in standalone AC supply systems
Chandorkar, M. C., Divan, D. M., & Adapa, R. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/28.195899 · Cited by 1,766
Output Impedance Design of Parallel-Connected UPS Inverters With Wireless Load-Sharing Control
Guerrero, J. M., GarciadeVicuna, L., Matas, J., Castilla, M., & Miret, J. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2005.851634 · Cited by 1,221
Distributed Secondary Control for Islanded Microgrids—A Novel Approach
Shafiee, Q., Guerrero, J. M., & Vasquez, J. C. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2013.2259506 · Cited by 1,069
Secondary Frequency and Voltage Control of Islanded Microgrids via Distributed Averaging
Simpson-Porco, J. W., Shafiee, Q., Dorfler, F., Vasquez, J. C., Guerrero, J. M., & Bullo, F. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2015.2436879 · Cited by 974
Self-citationSynchronization in complex oscillator networks and smart grids
Dörfler, F., Chertkov, M., & Bullo, F. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212134110 · Cited by 879
Self-citation
Cited by
A survey of distributed optimization
Yang, T., Yi, X., Wu, J., Yuan, Y., Wu, D., Meng, Z., Hong, Y., Wang, H., Lin, Z., & Johansson, K. H. (2019) · Annual Reviews in Control · doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2019.05.006 · Cited by 913
Connecting Automatic Generation Control and Economic Dispatch From an Optimization View
Li, N., Zhao, C., & Chen, L. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems · doi:10.1109/tcns.2015.2459451 · Cited by 284
A Distributed Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Over Time-Varying Directed Networks With Delays
Yang, T., Lu, J., Wu, D., Wu, J., Shi, G., Meng, Z., & Johansson, K. H. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2617832 · Cited by 264
Microgrid control: A comprehensive survey
Sen, S., & Kumar, V. (2018) · Annual Reviews in Control · doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2018.04.012 · Cited by 228
Grid integration impacts and control strategies for renewable based microgrid
Fazal, S., Enamul Haque, M., Taufiqul Arif, M., Gargoom, A., & Oo, A. M. T. (2023) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2023.103069 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Dorfler, F., Simpson-Porco, J. W., & Bullo, F.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 241-253
- ISSN
- 2325-5870 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1598618250
- Cited by
- 440
- References
- 22
- FWCI
- 48.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Breaking the Hierarchy: Distributed Control and Economic Optimality in Microgrids. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tcns.2015.2459391
- The paper
- Dorfler, F., Simpson-Porco, J. W., & Bullo, F. (2016). Breaking the Hierarchy: Distributed Control and Economic Optimality in Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2015.2459391
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
