The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Rich Models for Steganalysis of Digital Images
Abstract
We describe a novel general strategy for building steganography detectors for digital images. The process starts with assembling a rich model of the noise component as a union of many diverse submodels formed by joint distributions of neighboring samples from quantized image noise residuals obtained using linear and nonlinear high-pass filters. In contrast to previous approaches, we make the model assembly a part of the training process driven by samples drawn from the corresponding cover- and stego-sources. Ensemble classifiers are used to assemble the model as well as the final steganalyzer due to their low computational complexity and ability to efficiently work with high-dimensional feature spaces and large training sets. We demonstrate the proposed framework on three steganographic algorithms designed to hide messages in images represented in the spatial domain: HUGO, edge-adaptive algorithm by Luo, and optimally coded ternary$\pm {\hbox{1}}$embedding. For each algorithm, we apply a simple submodel-selection technique to increase the detection accuracy per model dimensionality and show how the detection saturates with increasing complexity of the rich model. By observing the differences between how different submodels engage in detection, an interesting interplay between the embedding and detection is revealed. Steganalysis built around rich image models combined with ensemble classifiers is a promising direction towards automatizing steganalysis for a wide spectrum of s…
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“Existing works (Fridrich and Kodovsky 2012) have proved that the high-frequency features can help to boost the generalization ability.”
From Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detection (2022) · cites this paper as Fridrich and Kodovsky 2012
Citations
Cites
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
Chang, C.-C., & Lin, C.-J. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/1961189.1961199 · Cited by 40,918
Breiman, L. (1996) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00058655 · Cited by 16,325
Libsvm : A library for support vector machines
Ferrari, V. (2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,123
Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking
Katzenbeisser, S., & Petitcolas, F. A. P. (1999) · Cited by 1,895
Optimization by Direct Search: New Perspectives on Some Classical and Modern Methods
Kolda, T. G., Lewis, R. M., & Torczon, V. J. (2003) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s003614450242889 · Cited by 1,659
Feature extraction : foundations and applications
Guyon, I., Gunn, S. R., Nikravesh, M., & zadeh, L. N. (2006) · Cited by 1,658
Ensemble Classifiers for Steganalysis of Digital Media
Kodovský, J., Fridrich, J., & Holub, V. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2011.2175919 · Cited by 1,084
Self-citationUsing High-Dimensional Image Models to Perform Highly Undetectable Steganography
Pevný, T., Filler, T., & Bas, P. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16435-4_13 · Cited by 1,026
Minimizing Additive Distortion in Steganography Using Syndrome-Trellis Codes
Filler, T., Judas, J., & Fridrich, J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2011.2134094 · Cited by 968
Self-citationSteganalysis by Subtractive Pixel Adjacency Matrix
Pevný, T., Bas, P., & Fridrich, J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842 · Cited by 899
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1 of the 38 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- upham, 0, Steganographic Algorithm JSteg
- filler, 2010, BOSS (Break Our Steganography System)
- kirchner, 2010, On detection of median filtering in images, Proc SPIE Electronic Imaging Media Forensics and Security XII, 7542, 10 1
- kodovsk, 2011, On dangers of cross-validation in steganalysis Tech Rep
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Chrominance and Luminance: a study to detect deepfakes
Talib, M. A., Nasir, Q., Nassif, A. B., Fadhl, N. B., & Gouda, O. M. (2025) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-025-20618-3 · Cited by 5
Nguyen-Le, H.-H., Tran, V.-T., Nguyen, D.-T., & Le-Khac, N.-A. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-026-11608-4 · Cited by 28
Atamna, M., Tkachenko, I., & Miguet, S. (2025) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88223-4_16 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Fridrich, J., & Kodovsky, J.
- Affiliations
- Binghamton University (US)
- ORCID
- Fridrich, Jessica
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 868-882
- ISSN
- 1556-6013 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-6021
- OpenAlex
- W2009130368
- Cited by
- 2,144
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 169 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 222 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 235 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 173 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 57.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-, FA9550-09-1-0147)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image and Video Quality Assessment
- Keywords
- steganalysis, image steganography, ensemble classifiers, high-pass filter, Hugo
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