Quantum Annealing Applied to De-Conflicting Optimal Trajectories for Air Traffic Management
Open accessAbstract
We present the mapping of a class of simplified air traffic management problems (strategic conflict resolution) to quadratic unconstrained Boolean optimization problems. The mapping is performed through an original representation of the conflict-resolution problem in terms of a conflict graph, where the nodes of the graph represent flights and the edges represent a potential conflict between flights. The representation allows a natural decomposition of a real-world instance related to wind-optimal trajectories over the Atlantic Ocean into smaller subproblems that can be discretized and are amenable to be programmed in quantum annealers. In this paper, we tested the new programming techniques, and we benchmark the hardness of the instances using both classical solvers and the D-Wave 2X and D-Wave 2000Q quantum chip. The preliminary results show that for reasonable modeling choices, the most challenging subproblems which are programmable in the current devices are solved to optimality with 99% of probability within a second of annealing time.
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A simplified version of the air-traffic management conflict-resolution problem has been tackled with QA after extraction of feasible subproblems.
“A simplified version of the air-traffic management conflict-resolution problem has been tackled with QA after extraction of feasible subproblems [129].”
From Quantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
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Kumagai, M., Komatsu, K., Sato, M., & Kobayashi, H. (2023) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a16040214 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Quang, T. N., Matsuyama, K., Shimizu, K., Sugano, H., Kurimoto, E., Miki, M., Suzuki, J., Chen, Z., Waidyasooriya, H. M., Hariyama, M., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-28481-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Vandelli, M., Lignarolo, A., Cavazzoni, C., & Dragoni, D. (2024) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-024-04560-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Single photon coherent Ising machines for constrained optimization problems
Kumagai, M., Inui, Y., Ng, E., Kako, S., Komatsu, K., Kobayashi, H., & Yamamoto, Y. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/addde5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Quantum Optimization for Closed-Loop Scheduling of Earth Observation Satellite Formation
Marchioli, V., Boggio, M., Volpe, D., Massotti, L., & Novara, C. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-04252-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mapping state transition susceptibility in quantum annealing
Pelofske, E. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.013224 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Investigating the Characteristics of Ising Machines
Komatsu, K., Onoda, M., Kumagai, M., & Kobayashi, H. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce57702.2023.00108 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An Agent-Based Approach for Air Traffic Conflict Resolution in a Flow-Centric Airspace
Guleria, Y., Pham, D.-T., & Alam, S. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422292 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
QUBO Formulations of Combinatorial Optimization Problems for Quantum Computing Devices
Quintero, R. A., & Zuluaga, L. F. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Optimization · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54621-2_853-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Solving the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) with Quantum AnnealingPreprint
Armas, L. F. P., Creemers, S., & Deleplanque, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4689017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Khan, M. I., Govindharaj, I., Sathishkumar, R., Jenifer, D. H., Maeghasree, T., & Yohini, K. (2024) · International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN) · doi:10.1109/icscan62807.2024.10894075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kuramata, M., Katsuki, R., & Nakata, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266846 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Qobra: Fast Verification of Transactional Serializability with Quantum Annealing
Hamada, N., Saito, K., & Kawashima, H. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386188 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantum Software Ecosystem Design
Basermann, A., Epping, M., Fauseweh, B., Felderer, M., Lobe, E., Röhrig-Zöllner, M., Schmiedinghoff, G., Schuhmacher, P. K., Setyawati, Y., & Weinert, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64136-7_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Review of Quantum Machine Learning Applications
Marcozzi, M., Filatovas, E., & Paulavičius, R. (2025) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88486-3_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
SWIFT-FMQA: Enhancing Factorization Machine With Quadratic-Optimization Annealing via Sliding Window
Nakano, M., Seki, Y., Kikuchi, S., & Tanaka, S. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3655591 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Performance of Domain-Wall Encoding for Quantum Annealing
Chen, J., Stollenwerk, T., & Chancellor, N. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2021.3094280 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvancements in Quantum Algorithms for Solving Complex Optimization ProblemsPreprint
Adediran, E., Fatoki, I., & Ogunyinka, T. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5015789 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Suzuki, T., & Tomono, T. (2026) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202500660 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum computing in transport science: a review
Niu, C., Irannezhad, E., Myers, C. R., & Dixit, V. (2026) · Transportation Letters · doi:10.1080/19427867.2026.2640414 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stollenwerk, T., O'Gorman, B., Venturelli, D., Mandra, S., Rodionova, O., Ng, H., Sridhar, B., Rieffel, E. G., & Biswas, R.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 285-297
- ISSN
- 1524-9050 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0016
- OpenAlex
- W2769474857
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 10.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- NASA Aviation Systems Division
- NASA Advanced Exploration Systems Program
- Ames Research Center
- NASA Academic Mission Services (NNA16BD14C)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Air Traffic Management and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods
- Keywords
- quantum annealing, air traffic management, conflict graph, D-Wave quantum annealer, problem decomposition, benchmarking, combinatorial optimization
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