A Blockchain and Improved Perception Hash Based Copyright Protection Scheme for Purely Chromatic Background Images
Abstract
Purely chromatic background images are widely used in computer wallpapers and advertisements, leading to issues such as copyright infringement and the loss of interest of holders. Image hashing is a technique used for comparing the similarity between images, and is often used for image verification, search, and copy detection due to its insensitivity to subtle changes in the original image. In a purely chromatic background image, the central detail of the image is the primary part and the key for copyright authentication. As the perception hash (pHash) algorithm only retains the low-frequency portion of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) matrix, it is unsuitable for purely chromatic background images. To deal with this issue, we propose an improved perception hash (ipHash) algorithm to enhance the universality of the algorithm by extracting purely chromatic background image features. Meanwhile, the development of image hashing is restricted due to the requirement of a trusted third party. To solve this issue, a secure blockchain-based image copyright protection scheme is designed. It realizes the copyright authentication and traceability, and overcomes the issue of a lack of trusted third parties. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-theart image copyright protection schemes.
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These gas values are within the range reported in prior blockchain-based perceptual hashing systems.
“These values are within the range reported in prior blockchain-based perceptual hashing systems1.”
From DBpHash: a blockchain-based dual-band perceptual hashing framework for copyright protection of purely chromatic background images (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Conservative decisions in immutable blockchain registrations have not been addressed in Gao et al., where false ownership claims cannot be reversed.
“Conservative decisions in immutable blockchain registrations have also not been addressed, where false ownership claims cannot be reversed.”
From DBpHash: a blockchain-based dual-band perceptual hashing framework for copyright protection of purely chromatic background images (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Gao et al.'s hashing strategy extracts only high-frequency components; low and mid frequency bands are not included to compute similarity scores.
“However, this hashing strategy extracts only high-frequency components. Low and mid frequency bands, which carry broader chromatic distributions and midscale structural transitions are not included to compute the similarity scores.”
From DBpHash: a blockchain-based dual-band perceptual hashing framework for copyright protection of purely chromatic background images (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
PCBIs can contain large uniform background areas with only small foreground components.
“Purely chromatic background images (PCBIs) can contain large uniform background areas with only small foreground components1.”
From DBpHash: a blockchain-based dual-band perceptual hashing framework for copyright protection of purely chromatic background images (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Gao et al. addressed limitations of classical pHash in PCBIs and integrated it with a blockchain-based copyright registration framework.
“Gao et al. addressed the limitations of classical pHash in PCBIs and integrated it with a blockchain-based copyright registration framework1.”
From DBpHash: a blockchain-based dual-band perceptual hashing framework for copyright protection of purely chromatic background images (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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Nainar, M., Sankaranarayanan, S., & Veeramani, K. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-54102-1
- Authors
- Gao, G., Feng, T., Guo, C., Xia, Z., & Shi, Y.-Q.
- Affiliations
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jinan University (CN)
- New Jersey Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
- Published
- 2025
- Volume
- 27
- Pages
- 6635-6647
- ISSN
- 1520-9210 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0077
- OpenAlex
- W4412164382
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Multimedia (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Humanities and Social Science Foun-dation of Ministry of Education, China (24YJA870002)
- National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2022YFB3103100)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (62122032, U23B2023)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Keywords
- image copyright protection, blockchain, image hashing, copyright authentication, discrete cosine transform, copy detection
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