The BLUE active queue management algorithms
Abstract
In order to stem the increasing packet loss rates caused by an exponential increase in network traffic, the IETF has been considering the deployment of active queue management techniques such as RED (random early detection) (see Floyd, S. and Jacobson, V., IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol.1, p.397-413, 1993). While active queue management can potentially reduce packet loss rates in the Internet, we show that current techniques are ineffective in preventing high loss rates. The inherent problem with these algorithms is that they use queue lengths as the indicator of the severity of congestion. In light of this observation, a fundamentally different active queue management algorithm, called BLUE, is proposed, implemented and evaluated. BLUE uses packet loss and link idle events to manage congestion. Using both simulation and controlled experiments, BLUE is shown to perform significantly better than RED, both in terms of packet loss rates and buffer size requirements in the network. As an extension to BLUE, a novel technique based on Bloom filters (see Bloom, B., Commun. ACM, vol.13, no.7, p.422-6, 1970) is described for enforcing fairness among a large number of flows. In particular, we propose and evaluate stochastic fair BLUE (SFB), a queue management algorithm which can identify and rate-limit nonresponsive flows using a very small amount of state information.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
BLUE suffers from inaccurate parameter setting and is highly dependent on its parameters.
“BLUE suffers from inaccurate parameter setting and is highly dependent on its parameters.”
From A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: Evolution, applications and research opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [144]
Cites
Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors
Bloom, B. (1970) · CACM · doi:10.1145/362686.362692 · Cited by 8,424 · see citing works
Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance
Floyd, S., & Jacobson, V. (1993) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.251892 · Cited by 6,290 · see citing works
Congestion avoidance and control
Jacobson, V. L. (1995) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/205447.205462 · Cited by 5,323 · see citing works
On the self-similar nature of Ethernet traffic (extended version)
Leland, W. E., Taqqu, M. S., Willinger, W., & Wilson, D. V. (1994) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.282603 · Cited by 5,232 · see citing works
Wide area traffic: the failure of Poisson modeling
Paxson, V., & Floyd, S. (1995) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.392383 · Cited by 3,721 · see citing works
Congestion avoidance and control
Jacobson, V. L. (1988) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/52325.52356 · Cited by 1,956 · see citing works
Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet
Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering, S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G., Partridge, C., et al. (1998) · doi:10.17487/rfc2309 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
TCP and explicit congestion notification
Floyd, S. (1994) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/205511.205512 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Athuraliya, S., Low, S. H., Li, V. H., et al. (2001) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/65.923940 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Link-sharing and resource management models for packet networks
Floyd, S., & Jacobson, V. L. (1995) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.413212 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
On designing improved controllers for AQM routers supporting TCP flows
Hollot, C. V., Misra, V., Towsley, D., & Gong, W. (2002) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM) · doi:10.1109/infcom.2001.916670 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
End-to-end Internet packet dynamics
Paxson, V. (1999) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.779192 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Dynamics of random early detection
Lin, D., & Morris, R. (1997) · ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM) · doi:10.1145/263105.263154 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
A Proposal to add Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP
Ramakrishnan, K. K., & Floyd, S. (1999) · doi:10.17487/rfc2481 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Ott, T. J., Lakshman, T. V., & Wong, L. (1999) · doi:10.1109/infcom.1999.752153 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
A self-configuring RED gateway
Feng, W., Kandlur, D. D., Saha, D., et al. (1999) · doi:10.1109/infcom.1999.752150 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis and design of an adaptive virtual queue (AVQ) algorithm for active queue management
Kunniyur, S. S., & Srikant, R. (2001) · ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM) · doi:10.1145/383059.383069 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
An Adaptive Virtual Queue (AVQ) Algorithm for Active Queue Management
Kunniyur, S. S., & Srikant, R. (2004) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2004.826291 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
A binary feedback scheme for congestion avoidance in computer networks
Ramakrishnan, K. K., & Jain, R. K. (1990) · ACM Transactions on Computer Systems · doi:10.1145/78952.78955 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
High performance TCP in ANSNET
Villamizar, C., & Song, C. (1994) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/205511.205520 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Traffic phase effects in packet-switched gateways
Floyd, S., & Jacobson, V. L. (1991) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/122419.122421 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
BLUE: A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms
Fengy, W.-C., Kandlurz, D. D., Sahaz, D., & Shiny, K. G. (1999) · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Paxson, V., & Floyd, S. (1994) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/190809.190338 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
McKenney, P. E. (2002) · Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '90: Ninth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies@m_The Multiple Facets of Integration · doi:10.1109/infcom.1990.91316 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Stochastic fair blue: a queue management algorithm for enforcing fairness
Feng, W.-C., Kandlur, D. D., Saha, D., & Shin, K. G. (2002) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM) · doi:10.1109/infcom.2001.916648 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamics of random early detection
Lin, D. L., & Morris, R. (1997) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/263109.263154 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Morris, R. (2002) · Proceedings/Proceedings - International Conference on Network Protocols · doi:10.1109/icnp.1997.643715 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
End-to-end Internet packet dynamics
Paxson, V. (1997) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/263109.263155 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Analysis and design of an adaptive virtual queue (AVQ) algorithm for active queue management
Kunniyur, S. S., & Srikant, R. (2001) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/964723.383069 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Design considerations for supporting TCP with per-flow queueing
Suter, B., Lakshman, T. V., Stiliadis, D., et al. (2002) · doi:10.1109/infcom.1998.659666 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A framework for alternate queueing: towards traffic management by PC-UNIX based routers
Cho, K. (1998) · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Applications of Cdma in Wireless/ Personal Communications
Garg, V. K., Smolik, K., & Wilkes, J. E. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Router Mechanisms to Support End-to-End Congestion Control
Floyd, S., & Fall, K. (1997) · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Scalable QoS provision through buffer management
Guérin, R. A., Kamat, S., Peris, V., et al. (1998) · ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM) · doi:10.1145/285237.285254 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cidon, I., Guérin, R. A., & Khamisy, A. (1994) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.311616 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Scalable QoS provision through buffer management
Guérin, R. A., Kamat, S., Peris, V., et al. (1998) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/285243.285254 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Boutaba, R., Salahuddin, M. A., Limam, N., Ayoubi, S., Shahriar, N., Estrada-Solano, F., & Caicedo, O. M. (2018) · Journal of Internet Services and Applications · doi:10.1186/s13174-018-0087-2 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Li, F., Sun, J., Zukerman, M., Liu, Z., Xu, Q., Chan, S., Chen, G., & Ko, K.-T. (2014) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2014.01.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
An Adaptive Neuron AQM for a Stable Internet
Sun, J., & Zukerman, M. (2007) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72606-7_72 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
IAPI: An intelligent adaptive PI active queue management scheme
Sun, J., Chan, S., & Zukerman, M. (2012) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.07.013 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Deep Blue: A Fuzzy Q-Learning Enhanced Active Queue Management Scheme
Masoumzadeh, S. S., Taghizadeh, G., Meshgi, K., & Shiry, S. (2009) · 2009 International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/icais.2009.17 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
α_ SNFAQM: an active queue management mechanism using neurofuzzy prediction
Zhani, M. F., Elbiaze, H., & Kamoun, F. (2007) · 2007 12th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications · doi:10.1109/iscc.2007.4381596 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Feng, W.-C., Shin, K. G., Kandlur, D. D., & Saha, D.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
- ORCID
- Saha, D.
- Venue
- IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 513-528
- ISSN
- 1063-6692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2155981613
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 34.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Traffic and Congestion Control
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Software-Defined Networks and 5G
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Traffic control and management
- Keywords
- active queue management, random early detection, packet loss, network congestion, queue length, packet loss rate, buffer size, Bloom filter, flow fairness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
