Cited by 176Reinforcement Learning in RoboticsAI-based Problem Solving and PlanningArtificial Intelligence Applications

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Survey on Large Language Model-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning: Concept, Taxonomy, and Methods

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Cao, Yuji, Zhao, Huan, Cheng, Yuheng, Shu, Ting, Chen, Yue, Liu, Guolong, Liang, Gaoqi, Zhao, Junhua, Yan, Jinyue, Li, Yun·2025·IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems

DOI 10.1109/tnnls.2024.3497992

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Abstract

With extensive pretrained knowledge and high-level general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) emerge as a promising avenue to augment reinforcement learning (RL) in aspects, such as multitask learning, sample efficiency, and high-level task planning. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature in LLM-enhanced RL and summarize its characteristics compared with conventional RL methods, aiming to clarify the research scope and directions for future studies. Utilizing the classical agent-environment interaction paradigm, we propose a structured taxonomy to systematically categorize LLMs' functionalities in RL, including four roles: information processor, reward designer, decision-maker, and generator. For each role, we summarize the methodologies, analyze the specific RL challenges that are mitigated and provide insights into future directions. Finally, the comparative analysis of each role, potential applications, prospective opportunities, and challenges of the LLM-enhanced RL are discussed. By proposing this taxonomy, we aim to provide a framework for researchers to effectively leverage LLMs in the RL field, potentially accelerating RL applications in complex applications, such as robotics, autonomous driving, and energy systems.

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Authors: Cao, Y., Zhao, H., Cheng, Y., Shu, T., Chen, Y., Liu, G., Liang, G., Zhao, J., Yan, J., & Li, Y.
Affiliations: Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CN)
Shenzhen University (CN)
Nanyang Technological University (SG)
Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
ORCID: Cao, Yuji
Zhao, Huan
Cheng, Yuheng
Shu, Ting
Chen, Yue
Liu, Guolong
Liang, Gaoqi
Zhao, Junhua
Yan, Jinyue
Li, Yun
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2025-06
Volume: 36
Issue: 6
Pages: 9737-9757
ISSN: 2162-237X (ISSN-L)
2162-2388
DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2024.3497992
OpenAlex: W4393763811
Cited by: 174
References: 176
Citations by year: 2026: 87 · 2025: 79
FWCI: 25.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (72331009, 72171206, 92270105)
Guangdong Power Grid Company (GDKJXM20231024)
Shenzhen Key Lab of Crowd Intelligence Empowered Low-Carbon Energy Network (ZDSYS20220606100601002)
Shenzhen Natural Science Fund (GXWD20231128112434001)
Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society
PolyU Direct Grant (P0047700, P0043885, P0051105)
CUHK Strategic Partnership Award for Research Collaboration (4750467)
CUHK Direct Grant for Research (4055228)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Reinforcement Learning in Robotics
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
Keywords: large language models, reinforcement learning, reward function design, multi-task learning, sample efficiency, task planning, agent-environment interaction, robotics, autonomous driving, energy systems

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