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Vision-Language Models for Vision Tasks: A Survey
Open accessAbstract
Most visual recognition studies rely heavily on crowd-labelled data in deep neural networks (DNNs) training, and they usually train a DNN for each single visual recognition task, leading to a laborious and time-consuming visual recognition paradigm. To address the two challenges, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been intensively investigated recently, which learns rich vision-language correlation from web-scale image-text pairs that are almost infinitely available on the Internet and enables zero-shot predictions on various visual recognition tasks with a single VLM. This paper provides a systematic review of visual language models for various visual recognition tasks, including: (1) the background that introduces the development of visual recognition paradigms; (2) the foundations of VLM that summarize the widely-adopted network architectures, pre-training objectives, and downstream tasks; (3) the widely-adopted datasets in VLM pre-training and evaluations; (4) the review and categorization of existing VLM pre-training methods, VLM transfer learning methods, and VLM knowledge distillation methods; (5) the benchmarking, analysis and discussion of the reviewed methods; (6) several research challenges and potential research directions that could be pursued in the future VLM studies for visual recognition.
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“With the rise of multi-modal forgeries, recent approaches leverage deep learning models such as transformers [8] and visionlanguage models [9] to improve detection capabilities.”
From Evolving from Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: Progress and Challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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“As LLMs expand in the kinds of stimuli they can interpret -e.g.visual (OpenAI, 2023b;Zhang, Huang, et al., 2024;Gemini Team et al., 2024) -and the ways in which they can interact with the world -e.g.embodiment and tool use (Mialon et al., 2023) -, the space of transferable paradigms increases.”
From Machine Psychology (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, Huang, et al., 2024
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“Regarding improvements in symbolic or numeric reasoning, another technique is to prompt LLMs to use code for solving tasks (Zhang, Ge, et al., 2024).”
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Zhao, Z., Sun, H., Qi, B., Yu, H., Wang, Z., & Xu, H. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37321-2_24
Evaluation of Vision-Language Models for Iris Verification Across Datasets and Representations
Labati, R. D., Ferrara, A., Picascia, S., Piuri, V., Rocchetti, E., & Scotti, F. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-39028-8_16
Multi-Font Recognition of Tibetan Ancient Xylographic Manuscripts Based on Vision-Language Models
Duojie, G., Gao, D., & Zhou, L. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (PRML) · doi:10.1109/prml71097.2026.11687307
Zhuravlev, I. I., Карнаухов, В. Н., & Mozerov, M. G. (2026) · Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics · doi:10.1134/s1064226926605520
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Tri-Fusion CNN-Based Models with Attention for MRI Brain Tumor Classification
Ammar, M., Nada, E., & Shemis, E. E. (2026) · Intelligent Methods, Systems, and Applications (IMSA) · doi:10.1109/imsa70415.2026.11700284
Evaluating multimodal foundation models for engineering drawing assessment and spatial reasoning
Munguía, J., Jones, L. J. N., Ariadi, Y., & Fu, J. (2026) · International Journal of AI for Materials and Design · doi:10.36922/ijamd026340030
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, J., Huang, J., Jin, S., & Lu, S.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2024-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 5625-5644
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-9292
- 1939-3539
- OpenAlex
- W4392172801
- Cited by
- 1,051
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 432 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 124
- FWCI
- 132.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- vision-language models, visual recognition, zero-shot learning, transfer learning, knowledge distillation, image-text dataset, pre-training objectives, network architecture, benchmarking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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