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Vision-Language Models for Vision Tasks: A Survey
Open accessAbstract
Most visual recognition studies rely heavily on crowd-labelled data in deep neural networks (DNNs) training, and they usually train a DNN for each single visual recognition task, leading to a laborious and time-consuming visual recognition paradigm. To address the two challenges, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been intensively investigated recently, which learns rich vision-language correlation from web-scale image-text pairs that are almost infinitely available on the Internet and enables zero-shot predictions on various visual recognition tasks with a single VLM. This paper provides a systematic review of visual language models for various visual recognition tasks, including: (1) the background that introduces the development of visual recognition paradigms; (2) the foundations of VLM that summarize the widely-adopted network architectures, pre-training objectives, and downstream tasks; (3) the widely-adopted datasets in VLM pre-training and evaluations; (4) the review and categorization of existing VLM pre-training methods, VLM transfer learning methods, and VLM knowledge distillation methods; (5) the benchmarking, analysis and discussion of the reviewed methods; (6) several research challenges and potential research directions that could be pursued in the future VLM studies for visual recognition.
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“With the rise of multi-modal forgeries, recent approaches leverage deep learning models such as transformers [8] and visionlanguage models [9] to improve detection capabilities.”
From Evolving from Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: Progress and Challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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“As LLMs expand in the kinds of stimuli they can interpret -e.g.visual (OpenAI, 2023b;Zhang, Huang, et al., 2024;Gemini Team et al., 2024) -and the ways in which they can interact with the world -e.g.embodiment and tool use (Mialon et al., 2023) -, the space of transferable paradigms increases.”
From Machine Psychology (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, Huang, et al., 2024
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“Regarding improvements in symbolic or numeric reasoning, another technique is to prompt LLMs to use code for solving tasks (Zhang, Ge, et al., 2024).”
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Visionxplore: Florence-2 for Robust Targeted Object Detection
Abbas, M. H., Zhang, X., Manzoor, M., Tabraiz, S., & Hassan, I. (2024) · International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP) · doi:10.1109/iccwamtip64812.2024.10873770 · Cited by 5
Semantic Graph Embedded Energy Minimization Learning for Scene Graph Generation
Chen, J., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., & Wang, L. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889599 · Cited by 5
Disaster Image Tagging Using Generative AI for Digital Archives
Yasuda, K., Aritsugi, M., Takeuchi, Y., Shibayama, A., & Mendonça, I. (2024) · ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries · doi:10.1145/3677389.3702516 · Cited by 5
Cross-Lingual Adaptation for Vision-Language Model via Multimodal Semantic Distillation
Weng, Y., He, W., Dong, J., Chaomurilige, C., Liu, X., & Liu, Z. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2025.3557678 · Cited by 5
Efficient Real-Time Pathfinding for Visually Impaired Individuals
Ghahremanians, T., & Mohammadi, H. M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562247 · Cited by 5
Exploring Text-Guided Single Image Editing for Remote Sensing Images
Han, F., Si, L., Dong, H., Jiang, Z., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Liu, Y., & Du, B. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3584418 · Cited by 7
Image-Level Anti-Personnel Landmine Detection Using Deep Learning in Long-Wave Infrared Images
Kim, J., & Kwon, G. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15158613 · Cited by 7
Bootstrapping Object-Level Planning with Large Language Models
Paulius, D., Agostini, A., Quartey, B., & Konidaris, G. (2025) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127365 · Cited by 5
RipenessGAN: Growth Day Embedding-Enhanced GAN for Stage-Wise Jujube Ripeness Data Generation
Kang, J.-S., Yoon, J., Park, B.-J., Kim, J., Jee, S. C., Song, H.-Y., & Chung, H.-J. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15102409 · Cited by 5
Schäfer, H., Schmidt, C. S., Wutzkowsky, J., Lorek, K., Reinartz, L., Rückert, J., Temme, C., Böckmann, B., Horn, P., & Friedrich, C. M. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11254237 · Cited by 5
MG-3D: Multi-grained knowledge-enhanced vision-language pre-training for 3D medical image analysis
Ni, X., Wu, L., Zhuang, J., Wang, Q., Wu, M., Vardhanabhuti, V., Zhang, L., Gao, H., & Chen, H. (2026) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2026.104027 · Cited by 5
X-LLaVA: Optimizing Bilingual Large Vision-Language Alignment
Shin, D., Lim, H., Won, I., Choi, C.-S., Kim, M.-J., Song, S., Yoo, H., Kim, S., & Lim, K. (2024) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.findings-naacl.158 · Cited by 5
Computer and Robot Vision: Past, Present, and Future [TC Spotlight]
Gionfrida, L., Wang, C., Gan, L., Chli, M., & Carlone, L. (2024) · IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · doi:10.1109/mra.2024.3428780 · Cited by 5
Mitigating Multilingual Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models
Qu, X., Song, M., Wei, W., Liu, D., Dong, J., & Cheng, Y. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3797025 · Cited by 5
Semantic reasoning takes place largely outside the language networkPreprint
Ivanova, A. A., Kauf, C., Gao, R., She, J. S., Kean, H., Goldhaber, T., Nieto-Castañón, A., Varley, R. A., Kanwisher, N., & Fedorenko, E. G. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692873 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, J., Huang, J., Jin, S., & Lu, S.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2024-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 5625-5644
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-9292
- 1939-3539
- OpenAlex
- W4392172801
- Cited by
- 1,051
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 432 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 124
- FWCI
- 132.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- vision-language models, visual recognition, zero-shot learning, transfer learning, knowledge distillation, image-text dataset, pre-training objectives, network architecture, benchmarking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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