High-Frequency PCB Winding Transformer with Integrated Inductors for a Bi-Directional Resonant Converter
Abstract
The momentum toward high power density high-efficiency power converters continues unabated. The key to reducing the size of power converters is high-frequency operation and the bottleneck is the magnetic components. With the emerging widebandgap devices, the switching frequency of power converters increases significantly, to hundreds of kilohertz, which provides us the opportunity to adopt printed circuit board (PCB) winding planar magnetics. Compared with the conventional litz-wire-based magnetics, planar magnetics can not only effectively reduce the converter size, but also offer improved reliability through automated manufacturing process with repeatable parasitics. Another way to reduce the number of magnetic components and shrink the size of power converters is through the magnetic integration. In this paper, a novel PCB winding based magnetic structure is proposed to integrate both inductor and transformer into one component. In this structure, the inductor value can be easily controlled by changing the cross-sectional area of the core or the length of the air gap. A 6.6-kW 500-kHz CLLC resonant converter prototype with 98% efficiency and 130-W/in3(8 kW/L) power density is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed PCB winding based magnetic structure.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A design identical to [109] has been proposed in [111] with an efficiency of 97.8% and a power density of 8 kW/L.
“A design identical to [109] has been proposed in [111] with an efficiency of 97.8% along with a power density of 8 kW/L.”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [111]
Cites
Performance characterization of a high-power dual active bridge DC-to-DC converter
Kheraluwala, M. N., Gascoigne, R. W., Divan, D. M., & Baumann, E. D. (1992) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/28.175280 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
Effects of eddy currents in transformer windings
Dowell, P. L. (1966) · Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers · doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0236 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
LLC resonant converter for front end DC/DC conversion
Yang, B., Lee, F. C., Zhang, A., et al. (2003) · IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) · doi:10.1109/apec.2002.989382 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Self-citationImproved analytical modeling of conductive losses in magnetic components
Ferreira, J. A. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/63.285503 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Jung, J., Kim, H., Ryu, M.-H., & Baek, J.-W. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2012.2213346 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Optimal Design Methodlogy for LLC Resonant Converter
Lu, B., Liu, W., Liang, Y., Lee, F. C., & van Wyk, J. D. (2006) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec.2006.1620590 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Self-citationFei, C., Lee, F. C., & Li, Q. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2674599 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Self-citationWei, C., Rong, P., & Lü, Z. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2037099 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Optimal Design and Tradeoff Analysis of Planar Transformer in High-Power DC–DC Converters
Ouyang, Z., Thomsen, O. C., & Andersen, M. A. E. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2046005 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Overview of Planar Magnetic Technology—Fundamental Properties
Ouyang, Z., & Andersen, M. A. E. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2013.2283263 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
LLC Resonant Converter With Matrix Transformer
Huang, D., Ji, S., & Lee, F. C. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2013.2292676 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationMu, M., & Lee, F. C. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2016.2586964 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, X., Feng, J., Du, W., Lee, F. C., & Li, Q. (2016) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec.2016.7468191 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, G., Jang, Y., Jovanovi, M. M., & Zhang, J. Q. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2016.2598173 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Leakage Inductance Calculation for Planar Transformers With a Magnetic Shunt
Zhang, J., Ouyang, Z., Duffy, M. C., et al. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2014.2322140 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Optimal Design of Planar Magnetic Components for a Two-Stage GaN-Based DC–DC Converter
Fu, M., Fei, C., Yang, Y., Li, Q., & Lee, F. C. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2849741 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, B., Lee, F. C., Li, Q., & Liu, Z. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) · doi:10.1109/apec.2017.7931228 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationA new core loss model for rectangular AC voltages
Mu, M., & Lee, F. C. (2014) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2014.6954116 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Z., Li, B., Lee, F. C., & Li, Q. (2016) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2016.7855024 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationGapped Transformer Design Methodology and Implementation for LLC Resonant Converters
Zhang, J., Hurley, W. G., & Wolfle, W. H. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2015.2465932 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Biela, J., & Kolar, J. W. (2004) · PESC record · doi:10.1109/pesc.2004.1354802 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mu, M., Xue, L. L., Boroyevich, D., et al. (2015) · IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) · doi:10.1109/apec.2015.7104407 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Mu, M., Liu, Z., Lee, F. C., & Li, Q. (2015) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2015.7309693 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationReusch, D., & Lee, F. C. (2010) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2010.5617929 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationFully soft-switched bidirectional resonant dc-dc converter with a new CLLC tank
Chen, W., Wang, S. R., Hong, X., et al. (2010) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec.2010.5433345 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
AC Winding Loss of Phase-Shifted Coupled Windings
Feeney, C., Zhang, J., & Duffy, M. C. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2418094 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global Trends in High-Power On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles
Khaligh, A., & D'Antonio, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2897050 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Liu, C., Wang, M., Si, Y., Liu, Y., & Lei, Q. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2020.2980313 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-C., Chen, C., Chen, K.-D., Syu, Y.-L., & Dung, N. A. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2019.2953117 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review
Dar, A. R., Haque, A., Khan, M. A., Kurukuru, V. S. B., & Mehfuz, S. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17184534 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“A design identical to [109] has been proposed in [111] with an efficiency of 97.8% along with a power density of 8 kW/L.”
Influential
- Authors
- Li, B., Li, Q., & Lee, F. C.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 6123-6135
- ISSN
- 0885-8993 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0107
- OpenAlex
- W2895839248
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- High-Efficiency High-Density GaN-Based 6.6-kW Bi-Directional On-Board Charger for PEVs
- Delta Products Corp (DE-EE0006834)
- Power Management Consortium with the Center for Power Electronics Systems
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced DC-DC Converters
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression
- Keywords
- planar magnetics, CLLC resonant converter, magnetic integration, high-frequency converters, power density, air gap control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
