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Power System Reliability Evaluation With SCADA Cybersecurity Considerations
Abstract
As information and communication networks are highly interconnected with the power grid, cyber security of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system has become a critical issue in the electric power sector. By exploiting the vulnerabilities in cyber components and intruding into the local area networks of the control center, corporation, substations, or by injecting false information into communication links, the attackers are able to eavesdrop critical data, reconfigure devices, and send trip commands to the intelligent electronic devices that control the system breakers. Reliability of the power system can thus be impacted by various cyber attacks. In this paper, four attack scenarios for cyber components in networks of the SCADA system are considered, which may trip breakers of physical components. Two Bayesian attack graph models are built to illustrate the attack procedures and to evaluate the probabilities of successful cyber attacks. A mean time-to-compromise model is modified and adopted considering the known and zero-day vulnerabilities on the cyber components, and the frequencies of intrusions through various paths are estimated. With increased breaker trips resulting from the cyber attacks, the loss of load probabilities in the IEEE reliability test system 79 are estimated. The simulation results demonstrate that the power system becomes less reliable as the frequency of successful attacks on the cyber components increases and the skill levels of attackers increase.
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“Cloud computing is still a new technology for SCADA [116].”
From Assessing and augmenting SCADA cyber security: A survey of techniques (2017) · cites this paper as [116]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Xiang, Y., & Ten, C.-W.
- Affiliations
- University of Toledo (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Michigan Technological University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1707-1721
- ISSN
- 1949-3053 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-3061
- OpenAlex
- W2002619227
- Semantic Scholar
- cf89bd2f9a5e10bc56410401d533e79c526be8dc
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 19.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (ECCS1128594, ECCS1128512)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Smart Grid Security and Resilience
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Power System Reliability and Maintenance
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
- Keywords
- power system reliability, cyber attacks on power grids, Bayesian attack graph, zero-day vulnerabilities, loss of load probability, attack scenarios
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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