Adaptive Charging Networks: A Framework for Smart Electric Vehicle Charging

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm (ASA) framework is for online (causal) smart charging algorithms based on convex optimization and model predictive control (MPC).

“we present the Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm (ASA) framework for online (causal) smart charging algorithms based on convex optimization and model predictive control (MPC).”

May combine two claims.

The ACN architecture enables real-time monitoring and control.

“The architecture enables real-time monitoring and control”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ACN-Live is a framework for safely field testing algorithms directly on the Caltech ACN.

“ACN-Live, a framework for safely field testing algorithms directly on the Caltech ACN.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Adaptive Charging Network (ACN) was first deployed on the Caltech campus in early 2016.

“which was first deployed on the Caltech campus in early 2016”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ACN-Sim is an open-source simulator that uses data from ACN-Data and realistic models derived from actual ACNs to provide researchers with an environment to evaluate their algorithms and test assumptions.

“ACN-Sim, an open-source simulator that uses data from ACN-Data and realistic models derived from actual ACNs to provide researchers with an environment to evaluate their algorithms and test assumptions [3]”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ACN-Data is a collection of real finegrained charging data collected from the Caltech ACN and similar sites.

“ACN-Data, a collection of real finegrained charging data collected from the Caltech ACN and similar sites [2]”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm handles the practical challenges of unbalanced three-phase infrastructure, non-ideal battery charging behavior, and quantized control signals.

“We demonstrate how the Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm handles these challenges”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ACN has led to the creation of the ACN Research Portal.

“the ACN has led to the creation of the ACN Research Portal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Unbalanced three-phase infrastructure is a practical challenge in real-world charging systems.

“We describe some of the practical challenges in real-world charging systems, including unbalanced three-phase infrastructure, non-ideal battery charging behavior, and quantized control signals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PowerFlex Systems' charging systems include national laboratories, universities, schools, businesses, apartment complexes, hotels, and public parking facilities.

“These include national laboratories, universities, schools, businesses, apartment complexes, hotels, and public parking facilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The ACN has spawned a company, PowerFlex Systems, which operates over 100 similar charging systems around the United States.

“It has spawned a company, PowerFlex Systems, which operates over 100 similar charging systems around the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Quantized control signals are a practical challenge in real-world charging systems.

“We describe some of the practical challenges in real-world charging systems, including unbalanced three-phase infrastructure, non-ideal battery charging behavior, and quantized control signals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Non-ideal battery charging behavior is a practical challenge in real-world charging systems.

“We describe some of the practical challenges in real-world charging systems, including unbalanced three-phase infrastructure, non-ideal battery charging behavior, and quantized control signals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ACN is currently operating at over 100 other sites in the United States.

“is currently operating at over 100 other sites in the United States”

May combine two claims.

In the ACN, phase AB has 26 stations, whereas phases BC and CA each have 14.

“In the ACN, phase AB has 26 stations, whereas phases BC and CA each have 14.”

May combine two claims.

The electrical infrastructure within the ACN is oversubscribed and often unbalanced.

“As discussed in Section III-D, the electrical infrastructure within the ACN is oversubscribed and often unbalanced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Caltech ACN EVSEs have delivered over 1,103 MWh as of July 7, 2020.

“These EVSEs have delivered over 1,103 MWh as of July 7, 2020.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

During May 1, 2018 to October 1, 2018, the system served 10,415 charging sessions and delivered a total of 92.78 MWh of energy.

“During this period, the system served 10,415 charging sessions and delivered a total of 92.78 MWh of energy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

On weekdays, arrivals peak between 7:00-10:00 and departures peak between 16:00-19:00.

“On weekdays we see a peak in arrivals between 7:00 -10:00 followed by a peak in departures between 16:00 -19:00.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Weekends have a more uniform distribution of arrivals and departures than weekdays.

“Weekends, however have a more uniform distribution of arrivals and departures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Since its installation in early 2016, the Caltech ACN has grown from 54 custom-built level-2 EVSEs in a single garage to 136 commercially available level-2 EVSEs and six 50 kW DC Fast Chargers (DCFCs), spread between three parking garages on campus.

“Since its installation in early 2016, the Caltech ACN has grown from 54 custom-built level-2 electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSEs) in a single garage [25], to 136 commercially available level-2 EVSEs and six 50 kW DC Fast Chargers (DCFCs), spread between three parking garages on campus.”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The two pods of eight EVSEs in the Caltech ACN are each fed by an 80 amp line, and since each EVSE has a maximum charging rate of 32 A, these lines are oversubscribed by 3.2 times.

“Since each EVSE in the pod has a maximum charging rate of 32 A, these lines are oversubscribed by 3.2 times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Caltech ACN has a much smaller peak in arrivals beginning around 18:00.

“The Caltech ACN also has a much smaller peak in arrivals beginning around 18:00, which is made up of community members who use the site in the evening including some patrons of the nearby campus gym.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The actual transformer in our system is 150 kW, and a conventional system of this size would require 362 kW of capacity.

“For reference, the actual transformer in our system is 150 kW, and a conventional system of this size would require 362 kW of capacity.”

May combine two claims.

ASA offers significant improvements in terms of energy delivered with constrained infrastructure when continuous pilots are allowed and performs comparably to baselines when pilots are restricted to a discrete set of values.

“Using real workload data collected from the Caltech ACN and accurate models of ACN infrastructure, we demonstrate that ASA offers significant improvements in terms of energy delivered with constrained infrastructure when continuous pilots are allowed and performs comparably to baselines when pilots are restricted to a discrete set of values.”

May combine two claims.

Using a coefficient of 10^-6 for the quick charge regularizer results in a maximum increase in value of $0.000050/kWh, which is three orders of magnitude lower than the minimum cost of energy in Table III.

“This results in an maximum increase in value of $0.000050 / kWh, which is an three orders of magnitude lower than the minimum cost of energy in Table III.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The ACN and its scheduling algorithm (ASA) have been proven at scale through deployments around the United States, including the first ACN installed on the Caltech campus in 2016.

“The ACN and its scheduling algorithm (ASA) have been proven at scale through deployments around the United States, including the first ACN installed on the Caltech campus in 2016.”

May combine two claims.

Both ASA-PM algorithms (and the offline optimal) trade-off higher energy costs for much lower peaks resulting in lower overall costs.

“On the other hand, both ASA-PM algorithms (and the offline optimal) trade-off higher energy costs for much lower peaks resulting in lower overall costs.”

May combine two claims.

ACN Research Portal provides open-access data from the Caltech and JPL ACNs and an open-source simulation environment based on the ACN architecture.

“To facilitate this new frontier of research, ACN Research Portal provides open-access data from the Caltech and JPL ACNs and an open-source simulation environment based on the ACN architecture.”

May combine two claims.

While EVSE quantization and non-ideal batteries each reduce the operator's profit, even in scenario V, ASA-PM w/Hint still produces 90% of the optimal profit.

“While EVSE quantization and non-ideal batteries each reduce the operator's profit, even in scenario V, ASA-PM w/Hint still produces 90% of the optimal profit.”

May combine two claims.

Even with the peak hint, ASA-PM does not meet 100% of demands even though the offline optimal does.

“Even with the peak hint, ASA-PM does not meet 100% of demands even though the offline optimal does.”

May combine two claims.

RR uses no information aside from which EVs are currently present, and as such, performs the worst.

“RR uses no information aside from which EVs are currently present, and as such, performs the worst.”

May combine two claims.

Uncontrolled, LLF and RR result in lower energy costs, but incur very high demand charges.

“Uncontrolled, LLF and RR result in lower energy costs, but incur very high demand charges.”

May combine two claims.

Profits from both ASA-PM and ASA-PM w/ Hint far exceed the profits of all baseline algorithms.

“Profits from both ASA-PM and ASA-PM w/ Hint, are within 3.6% and 1.9% of the optimal respectively, and far exceed the profits of all baseline algorithms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reference [2] uses data from the ACN to predict user behavior, size solar generation for EV charging systems, and evaluate the potential of EV charging to smooth the duck curve.

“Reference [2] uses data from the ACN to predict user behavior, size solar generation for EV charging systems, and evaluate the potential of EV charging to smooth the duck curve.”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There is a tremendous literature on EV charging algorithms.

“There is also a tremendous literature on EV charging algorithms; see surveys [9], [10] for extensive pointers to the literature.”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [10]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reference [20] proposes a pricing scheme to allocate costs (including demand charge) to charging sessions.

“Reference [20] proposes a pricing scheme to allocate costs (including demand charge) to charging sessions.”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Smart Energy Plaza (SEP) at Argonne National Laboratory consists of six controllable level-2 EVSEs.

“The Smart Energy Plaza (SEP) at Argonne National Laboratory consists of six controllable level-2 EVSEs [4].”

• cites [4]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Parker project utilized a testbed of 10 bi-directional EVSEs at a commercial site to investigate the potential of EVs to provide frequency regulation services and adapt to marginal emissions signals.

“Meanwhile, the Parker project utilized a testbed of 10 bi-directional EVSEs at a commercial site to investigate the potential of EVs to provide frequency regulation services and adapt to marginal emissions signals [8].”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

References [22], [23] use data to quantify fleet-level flexibility within a charging facility.

“References [22], [23] use data to quantify fleet-level flexibility within a charging facility”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Algorithms can enable additional revenue streams by providing grid services.

“Algorithms can also enable additional revenue streams by providing grid services.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Many large-scale charging sites will provide charging during daytime hours.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several works have been based on the ACN and data collected from it.

“Several works have been based on the ACN and data collected from it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Scheduling algorithms can reduce operating costs by optimizing for time-of-use tariffs, demand charges, and on-site renewable generation.

“scheduling algorithms can reduce operating costs by optimizing for time-of-use tariffs, demand charges, and on-site renewable generation”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most sites are unable to install more than a few charging ports due to limited infrastructure capacity and fear of high electricity bills.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Smart charging allows sites to scale their port capacity without costly infrastructure upgrades.

“Smart charging allows sites to scale their port capacity without costly infrastructure upgrades.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most sites are unable to install more than a few charging ports due to limited infrastructure capacity and fear of high electricity bills.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some recent work specifically related to large-scale EV charging includes [11]-[19].

“Some recent work specifically related to large-scale EV charging includes [11]- [19].”

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reference [21] clusters sessions based on their charging behavior using time series of charging current collected from the ACN.

“Reference [21] clusters sessions based on their charging behavior using time series of charging current collected from the ACN.”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several smart EV charging systems have been developed, though usually at a smaller scale than the ACN.

“Several smart EV charging systems have been developed, though usually at a smaller scale than the ACN.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

References [14] and [19] use a MPC framework for scheduling EV charging subject to TOU rates.

“Of particular relevance to this work are [14] and [19], both of which use a MPC framework for scheduling EV charging subject to TOU rates.”

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The approach of prorating the demand charge over the remaining days in the month was first proposed in [20].

“this approach was first proposed in [20].”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The WinSmartEV system at UCLA consists of quad-port level-2 EVSEs capable of sharing a single oversubscribed circuit and multiple level-1 chargers with binary control.

“Likewise, the WinSmartEV system at UCLA consists of quad-port level-2 EVSEs capable of sharing a single oversubscribed circuit and multiple level-1 chargers with binary control [5], [6].”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The My Electric Avenue project tested a control system for 200 Nissan LEAFs to manage congestion in the distribution system.

“The My Electric Avenue project tested a control system for 200 Nissan LEAFs to manage congestion in the distribution system [7].”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The profit objective formulation relies on a prediction of L(t) and G(t) into the future because L(t) and G(t) are unknown for t > 0.

“Since L(t) and G(t) are unknown for t > 0 this formulation relies on a prediction of these functions into the future.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Future load L(t) and on-site generation G(t) can be predicted for the profit objective.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Our work adds to the existing body of research insights from building real-world EV charging systems.

“Our work adds to the existing body of research insights from building real-world EV charging systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The constraints in (1) are second-order cone constraints, which are convex and can be handled by many off-the-shelf solvers such as ECOS, MOSEK, and Gurobi.

“The constraints in (1) are second-order cone constraints, which are convex and can be handled by many offthe-shelf solvers such as ECOS, MOSEK, and Gurobi.”

May combine two claims.

An exception to this is the work of De Hoog et al. [29], which considers an unbalanced three-phase distribution system but only in the case of wye-connected EVSEs.

“An exception to this is the work of De Hoog et al. [29], which considers an unbalanced three-phase distribution system but only in the case of wyeconnected EVSEs.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Periodic recomputation of charging schedules closes the control loop and accounts for discrepancies between the control signal sent to each EV and its actual current draw.

“These periodic computations close the control loop and account for discrepancies between the control signal sent to each EV and its actual current draw.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It can be difficult to diagnose why a car is charging below its allocated pilot signal.

“It can be difficult to diagnose why a car is charging below its allocated pilot signal since the J1772 standard does not provide a way to gather the EV's state of charge.”

May combine two claims.

The utility functions described in the paper are not strictly concave in r, and therefore the optimal solution r* is generally non-unique.

“The utility functions described so far are not strictly concave in r and hence the optimal solution, r * , is generally non-unique.”

May combine two claims.

The utility function U_QC encourages the system to deliver energy as quickly as possible, which helps free capacity for future arrivals.

“Here U QC encourages the system to deliver energy as quickly as possible, which helps free capacity for future arrivals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Requiring the charging rate to be non-zero improves user experience because most vehicles notify their owner when charging stops.

“This constraint helps prevent contactor wear in the EVSEs and improves user experience since most vehicles will notify their owner when charging stops.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most vehicles will notify their owner when charging stops.

May combine two claims.

The non-zero charging rate constraints are discrete, making it difficult to incorporate them into optimization-based algorithms.

“Unfortunately, these constraints are discrete, making it difficult to incorporate them into optimization-based algorithms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

ACN-Sim includes realistic models for each of the scenarios above.

“For our simulations, we use ACN-Sim, which includes realistic models for each of the scenarios above.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The pilot signal constraints imposed by EVSEs are discrete and intractable in general for large problems.

“The pilot signal constraints imposed by EVSEs described in Section IV-C are discrete and intractable in general for large problems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This work extends [25], [26], which describe the ACN in earlier stages of development.

“This work extends [25], [26], which describe the ACN in earlier stages of development”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The regularizer u_ES(r) promotes equal sharing between similar EVs and forces a unique solution.

“We include the regularizer u ES (r) to promote equal sharing between similar EVs and force a unique solution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Non-ideal batteries follow the constant current, constant voltage model described in [3], where initial state of charge and battery capacity are fit to maximize tail behavior, and the tail begins at 80% state-of-charge.

“In contrast, non-ideal batteries follow the constant current, constant voltage model described in [3], where the initial state of charge and battery capacity are fit to maximize tail behavior, and the tail begins at 80% state-of-charge.”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The system must be able to handle large numbers of flexible sessions on weekdays and smaller numbers of relatively inflexible sessions on weekends.

“This means that our system must be able to handle large numbers of flexible sessions on weekdays and smaller numbers of relatively inflexible sessions on weekends.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The smaller evening arrival peak is made up of community members who use the site in the evening, including some patrons of the nearby campus gym.

“The Caltech ACN also has a much smaller peak in arrivals beginning around 18:00, which is made up of community members who use the site in the evening including some patrons of the nearby campus gym.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reference [24] uses ACN-Sim to train reinforcement learning agents to schedule large-scale EV charging.

“[24] uses ACN-Sim to train reinforcement learning agents to schedule large-scale EV charging.”

• cites [24]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Simple solutions such as installing large numbers of level-1 chargers or small numbers of level-2 chargers are precluded by the observed usage patterns.

“This behavior precludes simple solutions such as installing large numbers of level-1 chargers, which would be too slow on weekends and for low laxity weekday sessions, or small numbers of level-2 chargers, which would be insufficient for the number of concurrent sessions on weekdays.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other models rely on machine learning to learn the relationship between state of charge and current draw.

“Other models rely on machine learning to learn the relationship between state of charge and current draw [32].”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The objective u_EC is equivalent to cost minimization when π = 0.

“This is equivalent to cost minimization when π = 0.”

May combine two claims.

Several important features of the physical system (proper modeling of the unbalanced three-phase electrical network, incorporation of EVSE quantization, and adaptation to non-ideal battery behavior) have not been addressed in the EV charging literature but pose real problems for implementing practical EV scheduling algorithms.

“By building and operating the Caltech ACN, we have identified several important features of the physical system that have not been addressed in the EV charging literature but pose real problems for implementing practical EV scheduling algorithms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This work provides a more thorough description of the ACN than [25], [26].

“by providing a more thorough description of the ACN”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The rampdown algorithm can quickly reclaim capacity during the tail region while still allowing EVs to throttle back up if reclamation was premature.

“With this scheme, we can quickly reclaim capacity during the tail region, while still allowing EVs to throttle back up if this reclamation was premature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Maximizing total energy delivered when infrastructure is oversubscribed is a common use case when electricity prices are static or when user satisfaction is the primary concern.

“This is a common use case when electricity prices are static or when user satisfaction is the primary concern.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Baseline algorithms LLF, EDF, and RR are very common in the deadline scheduling literature and have been applied previously to the EV charging domain.

“These baseline algorithms are very common in the deadline scheduling literature and have been applied previously to the EV charging domain [34], [35].”

• cites [34]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [35]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Load management like that found in the ACN is necessary in places without available electrical capacity, but is still helpful in all sites, since it can minimize demand charges and respond to TOU rates even if electrical infrastructure is not a problem.

“Load management like that found in the ACN is necessary in places without available electrical capacity, but is still helpful in all sites, since we are able to minimize demand charges / responds to TOU rates, even if electrical infrastructure is not a problem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This is reasonable since EVs' onboard charger generally includes power factor correction and voltage phase angles can be easily measured.

“This is reasonable since EVs' onboard charger generally includes power factor correction and voltage phase angles can be easily measured.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The round robin algorithm is a generalization of the equal sharing algorithm used by many charging providers today.

“In addition, the round robin algorithm is a generalization of the equal sharing algorithm used by many charging providers today.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The Caltech ACN and similar sites at research institutions provide a valuable platform for research in managed EV charging.

“Beyond its operational role of charging hundreds of EVs each week, the Caltech ACN and similar sites at research institutions like JPL, NREL, SLAC, and UC San Deigo, provide a valuable platform for research in managed EV charging.”

May combine two claims.

Uncontrolled, LLF and RR are not price aware.

“These algorithms are not price aware.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The quick charge objective regularizer encourages the scheduling algorithm to front-load charging within a TOU period.

“We also include the quick charge objective as a regularizer, which encourages the scheduling algorithm to front-load charging within a TOU period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The J1772 standard does not allow pilot signals below 6 A (except 0).

“For example, the J1772 standard does not allow pilot signals below 6 A (except 0).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Workplaces, schools, multi-unit dwellings, and public charging facilities with long dwell times generally fit the description of sites with high laxity demand.

“Places that generally fit this description are workplaces, schools, multi-unit dwellings, and public charging facilities with long dwell times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When even more information is available, i.e., a model of the vehicle's battery or predictions of future EV arrivals, this information can also be accounted for in the constraint set R and objective U(r).

“When even more information is available, i.e., a model of the vehicle's battery or predictions of future EV arrivals, this information can also be accounted for in the constraint set R and objective U(r).”

May combine two claims.

Only ASA-QC actively optimizes over infrastructure constraints, allowing it to better balance phases (increasing throughput) and prioritize EVs including current and anticipated congestion.

“Only ASA-QC actively optimizes over infrastructure constraints, allowing it to better balance phases (increasing throughput) and prioritize EVs including current and anticipated congestion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The postprocessing step leads to initial conditions for the next solve of OPT to produce a higher revenue, higher cost solution.

“It can be hard to reason about exactly why this occurs, though it appears that the postprocessing step leads to initial conditions for the next solve of OPT to produce a higher revenue, higher cost solution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within the Caltech ACN, there are five types of EVSEs.

“Within the Caltech ACN, we have five types of EVSEs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ClipperCreek EVSEs only support five pilot signals {0, 8, 16, 24, 32} for 32 amp EVSEs and {0, 16, 32, 48, 64} for 64 amp EVSEs.

“EVSEs from ClipperCreek only support five pilot signals {0, 8, 16, 24, 32} for 32 amp EVSEs and {0, 16, 32, 48, 64} for 64 amp EVSEs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Uncontrolled charging is the most common type of charging system today.

“We fix the transformer capacity to 150 kW and consider the previous baselines along with uncontrolled charging, which is the most common type of charging system today.”

May combine two claims.

It is important that hints not be too large, as the algorithm can increase the peak as needed, but once a high peak is set, the demand charge cannot be lowered.

“It is, however, important that hints not be too large, as the algorithm can increase the peak as needed, but once a high peak is set, the demand charge cannot be lowered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

LCFS credits for EV charging have averaged between $0.13-$0.16/kWh in 2018-2019.

“For example, LCFS credits for EV charging have averaged between $0.13 -$0.16 / kWh in 2018-2019.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The increase in LLF and EDF performance with non-ideal EVSEs may be because the minimum current constraint leads to better phase balancing.

“This may be because the minimum current constraint leads to better phase balancing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ACN sites can incorporate low laxity sessions, but these should be a small fraction of total sessions to get maximum benefit from load management.

“ACN sites can incorporate low laxity sessions as well, but these should be a small fraction of the total sessions to get the maximum benefit from load management.”

May combine two claims.

EDF uses only information about departure time, while LLF also makes use of the EVs energy demand.

“Likewise, EDF uses only information about departure time, while LLF also makes use of the EVs energy demand.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The peak hint percentage of 75% is chosen based on maximum historic month-to-month variability in the optimal peak (+11%/-16%).

“This percentage is chosen based on maximum historic month-to-month variability in the optimal peak (+11%/-16%).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A key feature of the ASA framework is its ability to account for all available information cleanly.

“A key feature of the ASA framework is its ability to account for all available information cleanly.”