Single-chip CMUT-on-CMOS front-end system for real-time volumetric IVUS and ICE imaging
Open accessAbstract
Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intracardiac echography (ICE) catheters with real-time volumetric ultrasound imaging capability can provide unique benefits to many interventional procedures used in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary and structural heart diseases. Integration of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays with front-end electronics in single-chip configuration allows for implementation of such catheter probes with reduced interconnect complexity, miniaturization, and high mechanical flexibility. We implemented a single-chip forward-looking (FL) ultrasound imaging system by fabricating a 1.4-mm-diameter dual-ring CMUT array using CMUT-on-CMOS technology on a front-end IC implemented in 0.35-μm CMOS process. The dual-ring array has 56 transmit elements and 48 receive elements on two separate concentric annular rings. The IC incorporates a 25-V pulser for each transmitter and a low-noise capacitive transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for each receiver, along with digital control and smart power management. The final shape of the silicon chip is a 1.5-mm-diameter donut with a 430-μm center hole for a guide wire. The overall front-end system requires only 13 external connections and provides 4 parallel RF outputs while consuming an average power of 20 mW. We measured RF A-scans from the integrated single- chip array which show full functionality at 20.1 MHz with 43% fractional bandwidth. We also tested and demonstrated the image quality of the system on a wire phantom and an ex vivo chicken heart sample. The measured axial and lateral point resolutions are 92 μm and 251 μm, respectively. We successfully acquired volumetric imaging data from the ex vivo chicken heart at 60 frames per second without any signal averaging. These demonstrative results indicate that single-chip CMUT-on-CMOS systems have the potential to produce realtime volumetric images with image quality and speed suitable for catheter-based clinical applications.
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Efforts have been reported to integrate LEDs for optogenetic stimulation and receiving elements for wireless power transfer on chip for mm-scale devices.
“Other common off-chip components include light emitting diodes (LEDs) for optogenetic stimulation, and receiving elements for wireless power transfer, such as inductors, antennas, ultrasonic transducers. Efforts have been reported to integrate all of these on chip for mm-scale devices (Zargham and Glenn Gulak 2015; Gurun et al. 2014).”
From Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations (2018) · cites this paper as Gurun et al. 2014
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- Authors
- Gurun, G., Tekes, C., Zahorian, J., Xu, T., Satir, S., Karaman, M., Hasler, J., & Degertekin, F. L.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Istanbul Technical University (TR)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-250
- ISSN
- 0885-3010 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4070885
- OpenAlex
- W2161817031
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 17.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB010070)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Keywords
- capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers, intravascular ultrasound, intracardiac echocardiography, volumetric ultrasound imaging, capacitive transimpedance amplifier, pulser, power management, catheter-based imaging, real-time imaging, point resolution
- MeSH terms
- Amplifiers, Electronic, Animals, Chickens, Computer Systems, Echocardiography, Equipment Design, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Transducers, Reproducibility of Results, Ultrasonography, Interventional, Phantoms, Imaging, Equipment Failure Analysis, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Electric Capacitance
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