Using BERT to Extract Topic-Independent Sentiment Features for Social Media Bot Detection
Abstract
Millions of online posts about different topics and products are shared on popular social media platforms. One use of this content is to provide crowd-sourced information about a specific topic, event, or product. However, this use raises an important question: what percentage of the information available through these services is trustworthy? In particular, might some of this information be generated by a machine, i.e., a "bot" instead of a human? Bots can be, and often are, purposely designed to generate enough volume to skew an apparent trend or position on a topic, yet the consumer of such content cannot easily distinguish a bot post from a human post. This paper introduces a new model that uses Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (Google Bert) for sentiment classification of tweets to identify topic-independent features for the social media bot detection model. Using a Natural Language Processing approach to derive topic-independent features for the new bot detection model distinguishes this work from previous bot detection models. We achieve 94% accuracy classifying the contents of Cresci data set [1] as generated by a bot or a human, where the most accurate prior work achieved an accuracy of 92%.
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Content posted by bots provides essential clues for bot detection.
“Content posted by bots also provides essential clues (Kudugunta and Ferrara, 2018;Heidari and Jones, 2020).”
From Anatomy of an AI-powered malicious social botnet (2024) · cites this paper as Heidari and Jones, 2020
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- Authors
- Heidari, M., & Jones, J. H.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- ORCID
- Jones, James H
- Venue
- 2020 11th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2020-10-28
- Pages
- 0542-0547
- OpenAlex
- W3116492894
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 13.84
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Keywords
- BERT, sentiment classification, tweets, machine-generated content
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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