Optimizing the use of biologgers for movement ecology research

May combine two claims.

The combined use of multiple sensors can provide indices of internal state and behaviour, reveal intraspecific interactions, reconstruct fine-scale movements and measure local environmental conditions.

“The combined use of multiple sensors can provide indices of internal ‘state’ and behaviour, reveal intraspecific interactions, reconstruct fine-scale movements and even measure local environmental conditions”

• cites Rutz & Hays, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wilson et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ecologists have tended to use statistical methods post hoc to overcome the limitations of specific sensor data.

“ecologists have tended to use statistical methods post hoc to overcome the limitations of specific sensor data”

May combine two claims.

Hall sensors can measure respiration rates and extent of inhalation, heart rates, and patterns of defaecation, providing information on optimal breathing strategies and rates of digestion.

“Hall sensors can also measure respiration rates and extent of inhalation, heart rates, and even patterns of defaecation, providing information on the optimal breathing strategies and rates of digestion”

• cites Wilson et al., 2003, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a rich and varied literature documenting increasingly successful methodologies for determining animal behaviour from various sensor data, especially accelerometers and magnetometers.

“Since the work by Yoda et al. (1999) using accelerometers to determine animal behaviour, there is a rich and varied literature that documents increasingly successful methodologies for determining animal behaviour from various sensor data, especially accelerometers (Nathan et al., 2012; Shepard, Wilson, Quintana, et al., 2008) and magnetometers (Williams et al., 2017).”

• cites Yoda et al., 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Nathan et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Williams et al., 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Accelerometers and magnetometers can be used to infer 3D posture and orientation, whereas gyrometers provide direct measures of yaw, pitch and roll.

“Accelerometers and magnetometers can be used to infer the 3D posture and orientation (i.e. azimuth, elevation angle and bank angles; see SI Table 1 for a glossary of terms) during locomotion, whereas gyrometers provide direct measures of yaw, pitch and roll”

• cites Benhamou, 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The inter-mandibular angle approach can provide information about both the number of food items and the type of food ingested.

“This approach, which has been employed in several marine and terrestrial species, can provide information about both the number of food items and the type of food ingested”

• cites Ropert-Coudert et al., 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Remelgado et al. (2019) developed a new pixel-based approach to help ecologists deal with differences in spatial, temporal and thematic resolutions between environmental data and GPS location data; yet the problem persists with high frequency bio-logging data.

“Remelgado et al. (2019) recently developed a new pixel-based approach, combined with data mining and visualisation, to help ecologists efficiently deal with differences in the spatial, temporal and thematic resolutions between environmental data from remote sensing and GPS location data; yet the problem persists with high frequency bio-logging data.”

• cites Remelgado et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of neurological sensors to monitor brain activity in freely moving animals is a relatively new advancement.

“The use of neurological sensors to monitor brain activity in freely moving animals is a relatively new advancement”

• cites Rattenborg et al., 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Skocek et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The development of similar systems for wild animals is increasing.

“the development of similar systems for wild animals is increasing”

• cites Takei et al., 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Landry et al., 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Lee et al., 2018Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Global environmental data can be recorded through satellite remote sensing, and bio-loggers now routinely collect local environmental data both biotic and abiotic.

“Global environmental data can be recorded through satellite remote sensing, and bio-loggers now routinely collect local environmental data both biotic and abiotic”

• cites Table 1Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites SI Table 1Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Other key sensors that can provide insights into internal state include heart rate, internal temperature, and neurological sensors.

“Alongside accelerometers, other key sensors that can provide insights into internal state include heart rate, internal temperature, and neurological sensors”

• cites Rattenborg et al., 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Research on humans has demonstrated that bio-loggers can measure a suite of physiological variables relating to internal state.

“Research on humans has demonstrated that bio-loggers can measure a suite of physiological variables relating to internal state”

• cites Nikita, 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Yang, 2014Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Animal-borne radar detectors can detect signals from emitting radars and can be used in combination with a tracking device to log the occurrence of structures along an animal's movement path.

“An interesting development is animal-borne radar detectors, which detect signals from emitting radars in the surroundings and can be used in combination with a tracking device to log the occurrence of structures along an animal’s movement path”

• cites Table 1Not checked yet

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• cites SI Table 1Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Storing on-board only sub-sampled or summary data, rather than raw high-frequency data, can reduce data storage requirements and ideally allow remote transmission.

“Another area of current research (e.g. see Cox et al., 2018) is focussing on finding clever ways to store on-board only sub-sampled or summary data, rather than the raw high-frequency data, thereby reducing data storage requirements and, ideally, allow remote transmission of the data”

• cites Cox et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Wireless sensor networks where animal-mounted sensors communicate with other sensors and stationary receiver stations enable near real-time data transmission, which is key to evaluating system performance and planning and monitoring experimental manipulations.

“Some systems are set up as wireless sensor networks where animal-mounted sensors not only communicate with other sensors, but also with (a large number of) stationary receiver (base) stations (Rutz et al., 2012). This enables near real-time data transmission, which is key to evaluating system performance and to planning and monitoring experimental manipulations (St Clair et al., 2015).”

• cites Rutz et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites St Clair et al., 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Proximity sensors can also be used to record interspecific encounters, for example between predators and their prey, between different disease hosts, or in mixed groups of foraging or migrating animals.

“Proximity sensors can also be used to record interspecific encounters, for example between predators and their prey, between different disease hosts, or in mixed groups of foraging or migrating animals.”

May combine two claims.

Higher frequencies draw more current; doubling the frequency from 20 Hz to 40 Hz might require doubling or more the battery size/capacity, and hence weight, depending on the specifics of the sensors.

“however, higher frequencies draw more current (doubling the frequency from 20 Hz to 40 Hz might require to double or more the battery size/capacity, and hence weight, depending on the specifics of the sensors)”

May combine two claims.

There are trade-offs between the quantity of data collected and the time a tag collects data on an individual, as well as trade-offs between the amount of data collected on single individuals against the number of different animals monitored across time and space.

“Equally important are trade-offs between the quantity of data collected and the time a tag collects data on an individual, as well as trade-offs between the amount of data collected on single individuals against the number of different animals monitored across time and space”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is scant treatment in high-profile reviews of how best to match the most appropriate sensors and sensor combinations to specific biological questions.

“Within these reviews, however, there exists scant treatment of how best to match the most appropriate sensors and sensor combinations to specific biological questions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

No clear guide exists to promote best practices for matching sensors and analytical methods.

“no clear guide exists to promote best practices”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Multi-sensor approaches are a new frontier in bio-logging.

“We highlight that multi-sensor approaches are a new frontier in bio-logging”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the smallest scale, animals move according to their anatomy and biomechanics, with differences between animals in fluid media or on the ground.

“At the smallest scale (locomotion), animals move according to their anatomy and the biomechanics that this engenders, with obvious differences between animals operating in fluid media (air or water) or on the ground”

• cites Biewener & Patek, 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Locomotion is manifested by particular patterns of movement by body parts so that motion-sensitive transducers can provide critical information on pattern and intensity of movements and derive whole-animal movement parameters such as speed and direction.

“locomotion is manifested by particular patterns of movement by the various body parts (most notably limbs) so that motion-sensitive transducers can provide critical information with respect to the pattern and intensity of movements and thereby derive critical whole-animal movement parameters such as speed and direction”

May combine two claims.

Studies are now able to examine food acquisition within a probabilistic framework and make predictions about how food abundance may affect populations.

“Indeed, such is the detail provided by these sensors that studies are now able to examine food acquisition within a probabilistic framework and thereby make predictions about how food abundance may affect populations”

• cites Wilson, Neate, et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Identifying and quantifying how internal state may drive behaviour is non-trivial and can often only be indirectly inferred.

“Identifying and quantifying how internal state may drive behaviour is non-trivial, and can often only be indirectly inferred”

• cites Getz & Saltz, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

What is happening in the environment is the other prime driver of animal movement.

“Alongside the internal state, what is happening in the environment is the other prime driver of animal movement.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: What is happening in the environment is the other prime driver of animal movement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An animal's movement decisions are likely to be influenced by interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics.

“an animal’s movement decisions are likely to be influenced by interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: An animal’s movement decisions are likely to be influenced by interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Nyquist or sampling theorem states that the sampling frequency should be at least twice the fastest frequency of interest.

“researchers should apply the Nyquist or sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency should be at least twice the fastest frequency of interest”

• cites Ropert-Coudert & Wilson, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Highly prescribed, low frequency sampling may miss serendipitous observations of importance and may preclude the detection of new, never observed behaviours.

“We do note, however, that highly prescribed, low frequency sampling may miss serendipitous observations of importance and may preclude the detection of new, never observed behaviours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Current available camera loggers are small enough, at approximately 10 g, to be fitted to a wide range of species.

“current available loggers are small enough, at approximately 10 g, to be fitted to a wide range of species (Rutz et al., 2007)”

• cites Rutz et al., 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pre-processing is required for integrating data provided by different sensors, possibly at different rates and often based on separate clocks, exposing systems to clock drift.

“Pre-processing is also required for integrating data provided by different sensors, possibly at different rates, and often based on separate clocks (exposing systems to clock drift)”

May combine two claims.

A GPS running at 1 Hz may require 30-50 mA of current, whereas a modern IMU recording tri-axial acceleration and magnetometer data at 40 Hz requires only 5-10 mA.

“a GPS running at 1 Hz may require between 30-50 mA of current, where as a modern IMU recording tri-axial acceleration and magnetometer data at 40 Hz requires only 5-10 mA of current (Bidder et al. 2014)”

• cites Bidder et al. 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A simple and efficient solution consists of sub-sampling the processed data to a level (or deriving averages) to accord with the Nyquist frequency.

“A simple and efficient solution consists of sub-sampling the processed data to a level (or deriving averages) to accord with the Nyquist frequency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Noise can be reduced by filtering, e.g., taking a running mean, or by more complex approaches such as Fourier transformations or Kalman filtering.

“Noise can be reduced by filtering, e.g. by taking a running mean, or may involve more complex approaches such as Fourier transformations or Kalman filtering (e.g. Alam & Rohac, 2015).”

• cites Alam & Rohac, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Data recorded at high frequency are both noisy and highly serially auto-correlated.

“Notably, data recorded at high frequency are both noisy and highly serially auto-correlated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A growing body of literature highlights the importance of tag shape and attachment in affecting an animal's drag in aerial and marine environments.

“a growing body of literature now highlights the importance of tag shape and attachment in terms of affecting an animals drag in aerial and marine environments (e.g. Kay et al 2019, Lear et al 2018, Vandenabeele et al. 2014)”

• cites Kay et al 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Lear et al 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Vandenabeele et al. 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Reducing battery consumption extends the life of a bio-logging device.

“Reducing battery consumption not only extends the life of a bio-logging device”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To estimate energy expenditure from acceleration, the dynamic component must be extracted from raw acceleration, converted to DBA, and correlated with energy or oxygen through controlled lab experiments.

“First, the dynamic component has to be extracted from the raw acceleration values, then converted to DBA, which finally has to be correlated with energy or oxygen through controlled lab experiments (reviewed in Wilson et al., 2019).”

• cites Wilson et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Visual analytics systems can be linked interactively to allow different aspects of the same data to be explored, with and without temporal and spatial scales.

“Thus, such visual analytics systems can be linked interactively to allow different aspects of the same data to be explored, with and without temporal and spatial scales.”

May combine two claims.

Behavioural classification may involve searching for behaviour-linked thresholds, but more commonly involves consideration of multiple data streams.

“This may involve searching for behaviour-linked thresholds, such as an increase in pressure to indicate diving (Kooyman, 1964) but more commonly will involve consideration of multiple data streams (Viviant, Trites, Rosen, Monestiez, & Guinet, 2010; Yoda et al., 2001)”

• cites Kooyman, 1964Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Viviant, Trites, Rosen, Monestiez, & Guinet, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Yoda et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Conventional time series plots with summary statistics and data transformations are useful for classification of time series data.

“While such approaches are useful for classification of time series data (Walker et al., 2015)”

• cites Walker et al., 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Data visualisation converts complex patterns in data into a visual display, capitalising on the human visual system to pick out patterns and provide insights into data relations.

“Data visualisation converts complex patterns in data into a visual display, capitalising on the extraordinary capacity of the human visual system to pick out patterns in complex landscapes, and thereby provide insights into data relations (Ware, 2012).”

• cites Ware, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A key part of exploratory data analysis consists in devising efficient ways to visualise and display quantitative information.

“A key part of exploratory data analysis consists in devising efficient ways to visualise and display quantitative information (Tukey, 1977)”

• cites Tukey, 1977Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Spherical plots are multi-layer and can present environmental data such as pressure and temperature as well as metrics of energetic expenditure.

“The value in these spherical plots is that they are also multi-layer and present environmental data such as pressure and temperature as well as metrics of energetic expenditure (Roberts, Laramee, & Jones, 2015).”

• cites Roberts, Laramee, & Jones, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Efficient data sharing and archiving across many studies and authors will be key to answer the big questions in movement ecology and will reduce the need to collect new data.

“Efficient data sharing and archiving across many studies and authors will be key to answer the big questions in movement ecology, e.g. global responses to environmental change (Figure 3), and will reduce the need to collect new data”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Logging data require very detailed metadata on the attachment type and position on the animal of the loggers; otherwise establishing a close relationship between sensor output and orientation/posture of the animal will be near impossible.

“Logging data require very detailed metadata on the attachment type and position on the animal of the loggers, as otherwise, establishing a close relationship between the output from sensor data (such as triaxial accelerometer) and the orientation and posture of the animal, will be near impossible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Much emphasis has recently been placed on machine learning algorithms to classify behaviours automatically.

“much emphasis has recently been placed on machine learning algorithms (including K-Nearest Neighbour [KNN], Support Vector Machines [SVMs], Classification and Regression Trees [CART], and Artificial Neural Networks [ANNs]) to classify behaviours automatically (Nathan et al., 2012).”

• cites Nathan et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Incorporating high-resolution information from bio-logging studies can change this and enable answering questions that link movement decisions to life-history needs.

“Incorporating high-resolution information from bio-logging studies can change this, as well as enable us to answer questions that link movement decisions to the life-history needs of animals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There is a tendency to put all primary data streams as well as derived elements into machine-learning processes, and because the machine does not know which data streams are most relevant at the outset, processing times can be prohibitively long.

“Against this, there is a tendency to put all primary data streams as well as derived elements (such as DBA metrics) into the process. Because the machine does not know which data streams are most relevant at the outset, processing times can be prohibitively long.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are a variety of techniques that use movement to infer changes in behaviour by observing how features such as speed or tortuosity change over time.

“there are a variety of techniques that use movement to infer changes in behaviour, by observing how features such as speed, or tortuosity change over time (Hooten, Johnson, McClintock, & Morales, 2017).”

• cites Hooten, Johnson, McClintock, & Morales, 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The obvious downside to the Boolean framework approach is the level of expertise of the user and familiarity with the meaning of the data streams.

“The obvious downside to this approach is the level of expertise of the user and familiarity with the meaning of the data streams”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All of these examples model movement in a descriptive fashion, where biases and correlations represent hypothesised behavioural features and aspects not directly known or testable as 'random walks' or 'hidden states'.

“All of these examples model movement in a descriptive fashion, where the biases and correlations (Benhamou, 2014; Codling, Plank, & Benhamou, 2008) represent hypothesised behavioural features of the movement path and the aspects of the movement that we either do not have direct knowledge of or are unable to test, as ‘random walks’, or ‘hidden states’.”

• cites Benhamou, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Codling, Plank, & Benhamou, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Step selection analysis (SSA) is one of the most widely-used techniques for inferring the environmental drivers behind observed movement patterns.

“Step selection analysis (SSA) is one of the most widely-used techniques for inferring the environmental drivers behind observed movement patterns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a long history of theoretical investigation into the reasons and rules underpinning animal movement.

“There is a long history of theoretical investigation into the reasons and rules underpinning animal movement (Nathan et al., 2008) including, for example, optimal foraging theory (Houston, Clark, McNamara, & Mangel, 1988; Pyke, 1984).”

• cites Nathan et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Houston, Clark, McNamara, & Mangel, 1988Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Pyke, 1984Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The convenience of machine-learning systems is that they require little specialist knowledge and information about the data streams from the researcher.

“The convenience of machine-learning systems is that they require little specialist knowledge and information about the data streams from the researcher.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Supervised machine-learning models are trained with segments of data that have been manually labelled according to behaviour.

“Supervised machine-learning models are trained with segments of data that have been manually labelled according to behaviour (Carroll, Slip, Jonsen, & Harcourt, 2014; Watanabe & Takahashi, 2013).”

• cites Carroll, Slip, Jonsen, & Harcourt, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Watanabe & Takahashi, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Historically, there have been inadequate data on the energetics and details of movements to embrace optimality properly.

“However, historically, there have been inadequate data on the energetics and the details of movements to embrace optimality properly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Speed of movement exposes animals differentially to conditions and equates to (the square root of) power.

“Speed of movement exposes animals differentially to conditions and equates to (the square root of) power.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although sensor technology is advancing rapidly, the ethics of bio-logging is still a major concern both in terms of fitting the device, which often requires capture, and the effects of carrying a bio-logger for the study subject.

“Although sensor technology is advancing rapidly, the ethics of bio-logging is still a major concern both in terms of fitting the device, which often requires capture, and the effects of carrying a bio-logger for the study subject.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Improving the ability of these devices to remotely transmit data would improve their applicability and reduce invasiveness, though may require additional weight in terms of electronics and battery.

“Improving the ability of these devices to remotely transmit data would improve their applicability and reduce invasiveness, though may require additional weight in terms of electronics and battery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most devices store data on-board, necessitating recapture of animals and the recovery of the units.

“An additional limitation, is that most devices store data on-board, necessitating recapture of animals and the recovery of the units.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The combination of real-time processing and transmission of data will not only enable scientists to dynamically adapt experiments, but has applications in conservation and management.

“The combination therein of real-time processing and transmission of data will not only enable scientists to dynamically adapt experiments, but has applications in conservation and management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

State-space models and behavioural change-point analysis would be enhanced greatly by careful incorporation of data on acceleration or energy expenditure.

“Similarly, state-space models and behavioural change-point analysis would be enhanced greatly by careful incorporation of data on acceleration or energy expenditure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Such large-scale tagging has major ethical implications, as not only a small subset is affected but an entire group, community or population.

“Such large-scale tagging has major ethical implications, as not only a small subset is affected but an entire group, community or population.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Thanks to an improved mechanistic understanding, we might actually be able to predict animal responses to future conditions.

“thanks to an improved mechanistic understanding, we might actually be able to predict animal responses to future conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As bio-logging technology continues to advance, the ability to study an individual or population throughout their entire life from conception to death becomes a more realistic possibility.

“As bio-logging technology continues to advance, the ability to study an individual or population throughout their entire life from conception to death becomes a more realistic possibility.”

May combine two claims.

There are other important moral and ethical considerations to animal detriment, such as cumulative effects (as a result of re-tagging) and long-term effects (decreased survival and/or lifetime reproductive success, which may not be easily evident from short term changes in movement and activity patterns).

“There are also other important moral and ethical considerations to animal detriment (Cooke et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2019), such as cumulative effects (as a result of re-tagging) and long-term effects (decreased survival and/or lifetime reproductive success, which may not be easily evident from short term changes in movement and activity patterns).”

• cites Cooke et al., 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wilson et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The data-rich approach driven by animals will help us to understand why animals do what they do, pinpointing drivers that range from internal state responses to pan-ocean basin atmospheric conditions.

“the data-rich approach driven by animals will not only help us to understand why animals do what they do, pinpointing drivers that range from internal state responses to pan-ocean basin atmospheric conditions”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The behavioural states in state-space and hidden Markov models are often 'hidden', but bio-logging data may be able to shed light on these states more directly.

“Indeed, the behavioural states in these models are often “hidden” (as in “hidden Markov model”) but the sort of bio-logging data described in this review may be able to shed light on these states more directly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This will be a major change in the field and allow markedly improved and biologically relevant understanding compared to any of the even most sophisticated modelling approaches currently used.

“This will be a major change in the field and allow markedly improved and biologically relevant understanding to be obtained; compared to any of the even most sophisticated modelling approaches currently used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Movement ecologists therefore have to deal with processes which span multiple scales of spatio-temporal and biological complexity.

“Movement ecologists therefore have to deal with processes which span multiple scales of spatio-temporal and biological complexity (Torney, Hopcraft, Morrison, Couzin, & Levin, 2018).”

• cites Torney, Hopcraft, Morrison, Couzin, & Levin, 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

How to link and predict processes occurring across different scales is a central question in ecology yet difficult to address, with the key issues being to identify the correct mesoscopic scale connecting microscopic processes to macroscopic patterns.

“How to link and predict processes occurring across different scales is a central question in ecology (Levin, 1992) yet difficult to address, with the key issues being to identify the correct mesoscopic scale connecting microscopic processes to macroscopic patterns.”

• cites Levin, 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Ecologists can feed new developments back to other disciplines, e.g., as inspiration for new theorems, or for biologically inspired engineering.

“ecologists can feed new developments back to other disciplines, e.g. as inspiration for new theorems (Cohen, 2004; Sturmfels, 2005), or for biologically inspired engineering (Bionics)”

• cites Cohen, 2004Not checked yet

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• cites Sturmfels, 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Actions to bring together multi-disciplinary groups of experts are gathering momentum in movement ecology.

“Indeed, actions to bring together multi-disciplinary groups of experts are gathering momentum in movement ecology; these include the EU COST actions from MOVE to develop improved methods for knowledge discovery from moving objects and big data”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

We may now have access to vastly improved information for wild animal biologists to predict processes.

“We may now have access to vastly improved information for wild animal biologists to predict processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A clear potential exists for a vastly improved mechanistic understanding of animal movements and their role in ecological processes, from which we can build unprecedented and realistic predictive models.

“a clear potential exists for a vastly improved mechanistic understanding of animal movements and their role in ecological processes, from which we can build unprecedented and realistic predictive models.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a clear synergy between local (small-scale) information provided by sensors and large-scale information provided by, for example, remote sensing data.

“In particular, there is a clear synergy between local (small-scale) information provided by sensors and large-scale information provided by, for example, remote sensing data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Biological systems are fundamentally characterised by additional intra- and inter-specific heterogeneity.

“whereas biological systems are instead fundamentally characterised by additional intra- and inter-specific heterogeneity.”