Cited by 531Cultural Differences and ValuesPersonality Traits and PsychologyIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

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Self as Cultural Product: An Examination of East Asian and North American Selves

Heine, Steven J.·2001·Journal of Personality

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Abstract

In the past decade a wealth of research has been conducted on the cultural foundation of the self‐concept, particularly with respect to East Asian and North American selves. The present paper discusses how the self differs across these two cultural contexts, particularly with respect to an emphasis on consistency versus flexibility, an intraindividual vs. an extraindividual focus, the malleability of the self versus world, the relation of self to others, and self‐enhancing versus self‐critical motivations. These differences reveal the manifold ways that culture shapes the self.

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“This distinction could reflect more of a cultural difference in self-enhancement than actual trail-level variation, as Westerns have been found to have a higher self-serving bias than East Asians (Heine & Hamamura, 2001).”
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“The extant literature shows that interdependents (vs. indepen-dents) are more concerned with communal goals, relationship roles, and social obligations (Triandis 1989; Markus and Kit-ayama 1991; Heine 2001).”
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“They care about how others feel, think, and behave (Hofstede, 1980; Triandis, 1989; Heine, 2001; Markus & Kitayama, 1991).”
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Background
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“While conventional methodologies, being mostly quantitative measurements, have their strengths and weaknesses, innovative ways to identifying a more comprehensive evaluation of the acculturative and repatriation experience of sojourners is increasingly needed (Heine, 2001).”
Background
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“…value system highlights collectivism, a cultural, social, and political ideology that prioritizes the group or community over individual interests, emphasizing cooperation, shared responsibility, and interdependence, while the Western value system prioritizes individual success (Heine, 2001).”
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“Studies have demonstrated that American parents tend to attribute children’s failures to a lack of ability, whereas Japanese mothers view academic success as more the result of eﬀort than innate ability (Heine, 2001, 2005; Hess et al., 1987; Holloway, 1988; Sato et al., 2004).”
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“So, it is often necessary for those from face cultures to view themselves in a third-person perspective, in order to gain insight about their social status [9, 11, 15].”
Background

Authors: Heine, S. J.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Heine, Steven J.
ORCID: Heine, Steven J.
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 6
Pages: 881-905
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
1467-6494
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.696168
OpenAlex: W2133409609
Cited by: 531
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 8.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 173 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: self-concept, East Asian culture, North American culture, self-consistency, self-flexibility, self-other relations, self-enhancement, self-criticism, cross-cultural personality
MeSH terms: Affect, Asia, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Ethnicity, Humans, Motivation, Personality, Self Concept, United States

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Self as Cultural Product: An Examination of East Asian and North American Selves

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