The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self as Cultural Product: An Examination of East Asian and North American Selves
Abstract
In the past decade a wealth of research has been conducted on the cultural foundation of the self‐concept, particularly with respect to East Asian and North American selves. The present paper discusses how the self differs across these two cultural contexts, particularly with respect to an emphasis on consistency versus flexibility, an intraindividual vs. an extraindividual focus, the malleability of the self versus world, the relation of self to others, and self‐enhancing versus self‐critical motivations. These differences reveal the manifold ways that culture shapes the self.
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“For instance, in Asian cultures, where collective identity and family obligations are central to individual experiences, Self-as-Context may have different effects, potentially leading to feelings of isolation or emotional disconnect.62”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
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Wallace, R. (2025) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95207-4_1
Evolving Identities of Family and Self in Times of Turbulence
Friedland, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90006-8_1
Cohen, D., Pang, B. C., Seo, M., & Fu, H. H. (2025) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2025.100250
Making Sense of Changes in Education, Social Justice, and Equity for Women in China
Jiang, X. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-796-120251015
Developing Grit in EFL Instructors
Akyüz, A., & Tanış, A. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2449-4.ch004
Pieng, P., Okamoto, Y., & Joy, J. R. L. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-678-020251030
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Comparisons of Daily Behavior across 21 CountriesPreprint
Lee, D., & Baranski, E. (2019) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
“I Can Do It in No Time!” Time Predictions in the Cultural Context
Guan, L., & Wang, Q. (2026) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221261418305
“…primarily by social roles and relationships, whereas Western, particularly European American, cultures endorse an independent self-construal that is defined primarily by personal attributes and qualities separate from others (Heine, 2001; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, 1989; Q. Wang, 2013).”
Pachucy, A. (2019) · Acta Philologica · doi:10.7311/acta.55.2019.3
Intuition criticizes self, analysis protects mother: evidence from an ERPs study
He, F., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Luo, J. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01426-0
“…trait words was revealed in different processing conditions, suggesting that individuals have an implicit memory bias for self-positive information, which is consistent with the Self-Enhancement Theory (Sedikides & Strube, 1997; Pfeffer & Fong, 2005). to positive self-evaluations (Heine, 2001).”
Sharavdorj, E., Bart, V. K. E., Rieger, M., Boldbaatar, E., & Munkhnasan, D. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Status anxiety in modern work ecologies: An evolutionary perspective from East Asia
van Vugt, M., Li, N. P., & Li, W. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-026-10146-5
Wallace, R. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18423-8_1
Impact of episodic future thinking on Chinese adolescents’ classroom behavioural willingness
Hu, Q., Zhu, H., Liu, Y., Hao, H., & Hao, H. (2026) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2026.2703037
Integrating Cultural Perspectives into the Theory Building of Mainstream Psychology
Duden, G. S., & Sunohara, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01453-5_15
Adaptación psicométrica del modelo de dignidad, imagen y honor en Cuenca, Ecuador
Quizhpe-Espinosa, M. J., Yanacallo-Sigcha, J. S., & Medina, W. P. A. (2026) · Revista Ecuatoriana de Psicología · doi:10.33996/repsi.v9i24.237
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Difference in Self-esteem in China
Ma, Y., Ning, B., & Fan, H. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261486539
Cong, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1915280
“This principle has been widely supported in three decades of cross-cultural psychological research (Heine, 2001; Kitayama et al., 2009; Nisbett, 2003).”
The Evolved Nest in Childhood: Relation to Adult Well-being and Social Capital Across Cultures
Malthouse, E., Hanaki, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01109-0
“In the West, for example, well-being is seen to depend more heavily on the pursuit of individual goals than it is in the East, where seeking harmonious social relations is prioritised (Kitayama & Markus, 2000; Suh, 2000).”
Lee, G. L. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Wallace, R., & Wallace, D. (2007) · CogPrints (University of Southampton)
Metadata
- Authors
- Heine, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Heine, Steven J.
- ORCID
- Heine, Steven J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 881-905
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2133409609
- Cited by
- 531
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 8.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- self-concept, East Asian culture, North American culture, self-consistency, self-flexibility, self-other relations, self-enhancement, self-criticism, cross-cultural personality
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Asia, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Ethnicity, Humans, Motivation, Personality, Self Concept, United States
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