CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 4,976Gender, Education, and Development IssuesGender, Labor, and Family DynamicsIncome, Poverty, and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment.

Kabeer, Naila·1999·Development and Change
DOI 10.1111/1467-7660.00125
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This paper begins from the understanding that women's empowerment is about the process by which those who have been denied the ability to make strategic life choices acquire such an ability. A wide gap separates this processual understanding of empowerment from the more instrumentalist forms of advocacy which have required the measurement and quantification of empowerment. The ability to exercise choice incorporates three inter‐related dimensions: resources (defined broadly to include not only access, but also future claims, to both material and human and social resources); agency (including processes of decision making, as well as less measurable manifestations of agency such as negotiation, deception and manipulation); and achievements (well‐being outcomes). A number of studies of women's empowerment are analysed to make some important methodological points about the measurement of empowerment. The paper argues that these three dimensions of choice are indivisible in determining the meaning of an indicator and hence its validity as a measure of empowerment. The notion of choice is further qualified by referring to the conditions of choice, its content and consequences. These qualifications represent an attempt to incorporate the structural parameters of individual choice in the analysis of women's empowerment.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/1467-7660.00125

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 4,976

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kabeer, N.
Affiliations
University of Sussex (GB)
Corresponding author
Kabeer, Naila
ORCID
Kabeer, Naila
Venue
Development and Change
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1999-07
Volume
30
Issue
3
Pages
435-464
ISSN
  • 0012-155X (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-7660
DOI
10.1111/1467-7660.00125
OpenAlex
W2117701253
Cited by
4,976
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 671 · 2025: 511 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 412 · 2022: 349 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 274 · 2019: 287 · 2018: 231 · 2017: 205 · 2016: 165 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 173 · 2013: 138 · 2012: 123
FWCI
58.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1264 d)
Locations
Development and Change (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Keywords
women's empowerment, empowerment measurement, empowerment indicators, agency, resources, achievement, choice, well-being outcomes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review