The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the Environmental Kuznets Curve does not exist
Open accessAbstract
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis – an inverted U‐shape relation between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita – has become one of the ‘stylised facts’ of environmental and resource economics. This is despite considerable criticism on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Cointegration analysis can be used to test the validity of such stylised facts when the data involved contain stochastic trends. In the present paper, we use cointegration analysis to test the EKC hypothesis using a panel dataset of sulfur emissions and GDP data for 74 countries over a span of 31 years. We find that the data is stochastically trending in the time‐series dimension. Given this, and interpreting the EKC as a long run equilibrium relationship, support for the hypothesis requires that an appropriate model cointegrates and that sulfur emissions are a concave function of income. Individual and panel cointegration tests cast doubt on the general applicability of the hypothesised relationship. Even when we find cointegration, many of the relationships for individual countries are not concave. The results show that the EKC is a problematic concept, at least in the case of sulfur emissions.
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Citations
Cites
Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.616 · Cited by 20,385
Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels
Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(03)00092-7 · Cited by 15,435
Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors
Pedroni, P. (1999) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14 · Cited by 6,726
Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels
Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-f · Cited by 5,479 · cited 1×
“This is a consistent estimator of the variance in question (Pesaran and Smith 1995).”
BackgroundEnvironmental quality and development: Is there a Kuznets Curve for air pollution emissions?
Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1006/jeem.1994.1031 · Cited by 2,850
Income, inequality, and pollution: a reassessment of the environmental Kuznets Curve
Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00177-8 · Cited by 1,326
Cited by
The rise and fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Stern, D. I. (2004) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004 · Cited by 4,013
Self-citationThe relationship between GDP and electricity consumption in 10 Asian countries
Chen, S.-T., Kuo, H.-I., & Chen, C.-C. (2007) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.10.001 · Cited by 589
Caviglia-Harris, J. L., Chambers, D., & Kahn, J. R. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.006 · Cited by 342
Metadata
- Authors
- Perman, R., & Stern, D. I.
- Venue
- Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-08-26
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 325-347
- ISSN
- 1364-985X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8489
- OpenAlex
- W1584724342
- Cited by
- 531
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 28.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Perman, R., & Stern, D. I. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the Environmental Kuznets Curve does not exist. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00216
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