The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal
Abstract
In the mere-repeated-exposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individual's emerging preference for that object. Vast literature on the mere-repeated-exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. The effect has been demonstrated across cultures, species, and diverse stimulus domains. It has been obtained even when the stimuli exposed are not accessible to the participants’ awareness, and even prenatally. The repeated-exposure paradigm can be regarded as a form of classical conditioning if we assume that the absence of aversive events constitutes the unconditioned stimulus. Empirical research shows that a benign experience of repetition can in and of itself enhance positive affect, and that such affect can become attached not only to stimuli that have been exposed but also to similar stimuli that have not been previously exposed, and to totally distinct stimuli as well. Implications for affect as a fundamental and independent process are discussed in the light of neuroanatomical evidence.
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“Also, of importance is the mere exposure effect [56]. The mere exposure effect describes that the more often you are exposed to a certain (neutral) thing or application (here a game), the more you like it. This has even been shown for the initials of your name (for an introduction in the initial preference task, e.g., see Sariyska et al. [57]) and seems to be applicable also for many of the gaming”
From Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
Citations
Cites
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094
Self-citationAttitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
Self-citationCognition and motivation in emotion.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.4.352 · Cited by 2,096
Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation.
Eriksen, C. W. (1960) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0041622 · Cited by 660
Subliminal Mere Exposure: Specific, General, and Diffuse Effects
Monahan, J. L., Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00289 · Cited by 394
Zola‐Morgan, S., Squire, L. R., Clower, R. P., & Alvarez‐Royo, P. (1991) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450010208 · Cited by 265
Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure.
Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.589 · Cited by 245
Feeling more than we can know: Exposure effects without learning.
Wilson, W. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.811 · Cited by 233
Elliott, R., & Dolan, R. J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-12-04697.1998 · Cited by 132
TAYLOR, K. F., & Sluckin, W. (1964) · Nature · doi:10.1038/201108a0 · Cited by 76
Rajecki, D. W. (1974) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(74)90845-1 · Cited by 31
One-mediator model of exposure effects is still viable.
Birnbaum, M. H., & Mellers, B. A. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.6.1090 · Cited by 22
One-mediator model of exposure effects is still viable.
Birnbaum, M. H., & Mellers, B. A. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.1090 · Cited by 17
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- LeDoux J., 1996, The emotional brain.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.589 · DOI
- Zajonc R.B., 2000, Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition, 31
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Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80036-4 · Cited by 1,430
A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: an Intervention Mapping approach
Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., Peters, G.-J. Y., Mullen, P. D., Parcel, G. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fernández, M. E., Markham, C., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1077155 · Cited by 1,137
Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news
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A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x · Cited by 1,558
Metadata
- Authors
- Zajonc, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zajonc, R.B.
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 224-228
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2143046471
- Cited by
- 1,299
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- mere exposure effect, subliminal perception, preference formation, classical conditioning, positive affect, emotional attachment, unconscious awareness, prenatal exposure, recognition memory, perceptual fluency
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