Cited by 634Memory Processes and InfluencesIdentity, Memory, and TherapyMemory and Neural Mechanisms

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What Is Episodic Memory?

Tulving, Endel·1993·Current Directions in Psychological Science

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Abstract

Few problems In science are as difficult as those of working out the precise relation between two compiex concepts that are deceptively similar. The relation between episodic and semantic memory belongs in this category. Intuition and rational thought reveal many similarities between these two kinds of memory and tempt us to think of the two as one. Yet, closer scrutiny reveals a number of fundamental differences. In this article, I discuss one such difference, namely, the nature of conscious awareness that characterizes retrieval of episodic and semantic information. Not everyone accepts the general idea of multiple memory systems, and among those who do, not everyone accepts the same scheme of classification.^ What follows represents my views on the issue. The distinction between episodic and semantic memory has changed considerably since my 1972 essay In which I argued for the heuristic usefulness of a taxonomic distinction between episodic and semantic memory, conceived of as parallel, partially overlapping information processing systems. At that time, I could think of only five (hypothetical) differences between the two kinds of memory. Some 10 years later, in 1983, ! suggested that, de-

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Authors: Tulving, E.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Tulving, Endel
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1993-06
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 67-70
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770899
OpenAlex: W1969929921
Cited by: 634
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 8.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: episodic memory, semantic memory, conscious awareness, memory retrieval, multiple memory systems, memory classification, parallel information processing, taxonomic distinction

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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What Is Episodic Memory?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

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