Hyperemesis gravidarum and birth outcomes—a population‐based cohort study of 2.2 million births in the Norwegian Birth Registry
Abstract
Objective: To study associations between hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and birth outcomes. Design: Population‐based cohort study. Setting: Norway. Sample: Singleton births in the Norwegian Birth Registry, 1967–2009 (n = 2 270 363). Methods: Multiple logistic regression was applied to study associations between HG and dichotomous outcomes; multiple linear regression to study associations between HG, birthweight and gestational length. Generalised estimating equations were applied to obtain valid standard errors. Sub‐analysis on data with available information on smoking was conducted (1999–2009). Main outcome measures: Small and large for gestational age (SGA/LGA), Apgar score after 5 minutes, very preterm and preterm birth (VPTB/PTB), perinatal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, birthweight and gestational length. Results: No associations between HG and adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed in crude analyses, except for VPTB (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.93). In adjusted analysis, HG was associated with perinatal death (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.08–1.48). Inverse associations were observed between HG and VPTB (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68–0.94) and LGA (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–0.99). Sub‐analyses showed no associations between HG and perinatal death (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.91–1.83). The inverse associations between HG, VPTB and LGA were strengthened (OR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.48–0.91 and OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.93, respectively). Exposed babies had reduced birthweight and gestational length compared with unexposed, adjusted difference − 21.4 g and − 0.5 days, respectively. Adjustment for smoking slightly strengthened the impact of HG on birthweight. Conclusions: Inverse associations for HG and VPTB and LGA were observed. HG was associated with slight reductions in birthweight and gestational age.
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Modest energy restriction in women with GDM does not increase adverse outcomes or SGA rates compared to the baseline population.
“Emerging evidence suggests that modest energy restriction in women with GDM does not increase adverse outcomes or SGA rates compared to the baseline population [60,61,62].”
From Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [60]
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- Authors
- Vandraas, K., Vikanes, Å., Vangen, S., Magnus, P., Støer, N., & Grjibovski, A.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Department of Mathematics University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Corresponding author
- Vandraas, KF
- Venue
- BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-09-10
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1654-1660
- ISSN
- 0306-5456 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-0328
- 1471-0528
- OpenAlex
- W2057131013
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- hyperemesis gravidarum, birth outcomes, very preterm birth, preterm birth, large for gestational age, small for gestational age, perinatal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, birth weight, gestation length, Apgar score, maternal smoking, pregnancy complications, singleton births
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Birth Weight, Female, Humans, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Infant, Newborn, Norway, Pregnancy, Registries, Cohort Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Fetal Development, Premature Birth, Perinatal Mortality, Young Adult
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