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Spatial and seasonal variation in diversity and structure of microbial biofilms on marine plastics in Northern European waters
Open accessAbstract
Plastic pollution is now recognised as a major threat to marine environments and marine biota. Recent research highlights that diverse microbial species are found to colonise plastic surfaces (the plastisphere) within marine waters. Here, we investigate how the structure and diversity of marine plastisphere microbial community vary with respect to season, location and plastic substrate type. We performed a 6-week exposure experiment with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles in the North Sea (UK) as well as sea surface sampling of plastic polymers in Northern European waters. Scanning electron microscopy revealed diverse plastisphere communities comprising prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing analysis revealed that plastisphere microbial communities on PET fragments varied both with season and location and comprised of bacteria belonging to Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and members of the eukaryotes Bacillariophyceae and Phaeophyceae. Polymers sampled from the sea surface mainly comprised polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene particles. Variation within plastisphere communities on different polymer types was observed, but communities were primarily dominated by Cyanobacteria. This research reveals that the composition of plastisphere microbial communities in marine waters varies with season, geographical location and plastic substrate type. We investigated structural and taxonomical variation of microbial biofilm communities on plastic fragments in coastal and offshore Northern European waters, with respect to season, geographical location and plastic type. We investigated structural and taxonomical variation of microbial biofilm communities on plastic fragments in coastal and offshore Northern European waters, with respect to season, geographical location and plastic type.
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“Loss of samples by anthropogenic impact or natural forces (e.g. [29, 38, 40, 42]) could substantially jeopardize the outcome of experiments.”
From Field and mesocosm methods to test biodegradable plastic film under marine conditions (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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“We also predicted that we would find the lowest diversity during winter because of harsh conditions (Oberbeckmann et al., 2014).”
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“Early plastic colonization is therefore highly opportunistic, reliant on the present microbial communities capable of exploiting this niche (Section 2.3; Oberbeckmann et al., 2014) which is dependent on the region’s temperature, salinity, and even co-pollutant concentrations (Section 4.2; 4.3; 4.4).”
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Audrézet, F., Pochon, X., Floerl, O., Guen, M.-J. L., Trochel, B., Gambarini, V. M. D. O., Lear, G., & Zaiko, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.891183 · Cited by 20
“Temporal Succession of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Assemblages on Bio-Polymers Consistent with several earlier studies (Oberbeckmann et al., 2014; Zaiko et al., 2016; Oberbeckmann and Labrenz, 2020), our results revealed strong temporal patterns associated with both bacterial and eukaryotic community structure on all tes…”
ResultHarmful algae and pathogens on plastics in three mediterranean coastal lagoons
Pasqualini, V., Garrido, M., Cecchi, P., Connes, C., Couté, A., Rakwe, M. E., Henry, M., Hervio‐Heath, D., Quilichini, Y., Simonnet, J., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13654 · Cited by 24
“, as has been observed in marine and freshwater systems [18,21,25,33,103].”
BackgroundInfluentialShort‐term plastisphere colonization dynamics across six plastic types
Silva, V., Pérez, V., & Gillanders, B. M. (2023) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16445 · Cited by 27
Microplastics Sampling and Sample Handling
da Costa, M. F., & Duarte, A. C. (2017) · Comprehensive analytical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.coac.2016.11.002 · Cited by 22
Tagg, A. S., Sperlea, T., Labrenz, M., Harrison, J. P., Ojeda, J. J., & Sapp, M. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10091775 · Cited by 20
Microbial Biofilms Colonizing Plastic Substrates in the Ross Sea (Antarctica)
Caroppo, C., Azzaro, M., Dell’Acqua, O., Azzaro, F., Maimone, G., Rappazzo, A. C., Raffa, F., & Caruso, G. (2022) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse10111714 · Cited by 19
Wu, Z., Sun, J., Xu, L., Zhou, H., Cheng, H., Zhu, C., Wang, Y., & Yang, J. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132921 · Cited by 21
Sababadichetty, L., Miltgen, G., Vincent, B., Guilhaumon, F., Lenoble, V., Thibault, M., Bureau, S., Tortosa, P., Bouvier, T. C., & Jourand, P. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115911 · Cited by 22
Wang, K., Lin, H., Wang, S., Dong, X., Sun, L., Zhou, Q., Chen, Y., Su, B., Pan, Z., Chen, B., et al. (2022) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113809 · Cited by 19
Biodegradation of textile waste by marine bacterial communities enhanced by light
Girard, E. B., Kaliwoda, M., Schmahl, W. W., Wörheide, G., & Orsi, W. D. (2020) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12856 · Cited by 19
“This genus was also identified as being potentially important for PET degradation in the natural marine environment (Oberbeckmann et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMicroplastics and plastisphere at surface waters in the Southwestern Caribbean sea
Tigreros, P., -Rodríguez, L. G., Villarraga, G. H., Ochoa-Mogollón, J. D., Sarmiento-Sánchez, C., Rodríguez-Vargas, L. H., Torres, G. R., Ruiz, P. A. G., Sanjuan-Muñoz, A., & Franco-Herrera, A. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120745 · Cited by 19
Wang, J., Wu, D., Meng, L., Men, R., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, P., Li, X., & Ma, K. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105395 · Cited by 18
Exploring the common denominator between microplastics and microbiology: a scientometric approach
Sul, J. A. I. D., Tagg, A., & Labrenz, M. (2018) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2936-y · Cited by 17
Epiplastic microhabitats for epibenthic organisms: a new inland water frontier for diatoms
Taurozzi, D., Cesarini, G., & Scalici, M. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23335-8 · Cited by 19
Microplastics transport and impact on nitrogen cycling and N2O emissions in estuaries
Ayaz, M., Oon, Y.-S., Oon, Y.-L., Khan, K., Deng, M., Li, L., Song, K., Jiang, X., & Xia, Z. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126869 · Cited by 17
Microalgae: a promising tool for plastic degradation
Paladhi, A. G., Vallinayagam, S., Rajendran, S., Rathinam, V., & Sharma, V. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90452-0.00049-9 · Cited by 17
Pazos, R. S., Suárez, J. C., & Gómez, N. (2020) · Ecosistemas · doi:10.7818/ecos.2069 · Cited by 17
“In the latter case, MPs in aquatic environments can serve as substrates for various microorganisms, that is, in addition to accumulating organic pollutants, microplastic surfaces can be colonized by microbial communities, that form a biofilm (Zettler et al. 2013; McCormick et al. 2014; Oberbeckmann et al. 2014; De Ten…”
BackgroundRyabushko, L. I., Miroshnichenko, E. S., Blaginina, A. A., Shiroyan, A., & Lishaev, D. (2021) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112521 · Cited by 17
Brožová, K., Heviánková, S., Halfar, J., Čabanová, K., & Valigůrová, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2025.1677793 · Cited by 16
Plastisphere development in relation to the surrounding biotic communities
Pfeiffer, T. Ž., Maronić, D. Š., Stević, F., Balkić, A. G., Bek, N., Martinović, A., Mandir, T., Nikolašević, R., & Janjić, D. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119380 · Cited by 16
Molecular docking and metagenomics assisted mitigation of microplastic pollution
Parida, D., Katare, K., Ganguly, A., Chakraborty, D., Konar, O., Nogueira, R., & Bala, K. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141271 · Cited by 18
Plastisphere in an Antarctic environment: A microcosm approach
Monràs-Riera, P., Àvila, C., & Ballesté, E. (2024) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116961 · Cited by 18
Shekhar, S., & Sarkar, S. (2025) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144256 · Cited by 17
Lacerda, A. L., Casotti, R., Briand, J., Lenoble, V., Muniategui‐Lorenzo, S., Kessler, F., Barre, A., Moscoso-Pérez, C. M., Fernández‐González, V., Andrade, J. M., et al. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121929 · Cited by 16
Wang, L., Huang, J., Xu, J., Li, X., Ma, H., Qian, X., & Abolfathi, S. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107956 · Cited by 17
Michler‐Kozma, D., Neu, T. R., & Gabel, F. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151663 · Cited by 17
Hataley, E. K., Shahmohamadloo, R. S., Almirall, X. O., Harrison, A. L., Rochman, C. M., Zou, S., & Orihel, D. M. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5485 · Cited by 17
“A growing body of evidence demonstrates that microplastics interact with primary producers, including bloom‐ forming algae such as dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria (Kettner et al., 2019; Masó et al., 2003; Oberbeckmann et al., 2014; Yokota et al., 2017; Zettler et al., 2013).”
BackgroundA Glow before Darkness: Toxicity of Glitter Particles to Marine Invertebrates
Abessa, D. M. D. S., Albanit, L. F., de Moura, P. H. P., Nogueira, V. S., Santana, F. T., Fagundes, K. R. C., Ueda, M., Muller, O. P. D. O., & Cesar‐Ribeiro, C. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11070617 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Oberbeckmann, S., Loeder, M. G. J., Gerdts, G., & Osborn, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Hull (GB)
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Oberbeckmann, Sonja
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Ecology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-11-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 478-492
- ISSN
- 0168-6496 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6941
- OpenAlex
- W1839247734
- Cited by
- 540
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEMS Microbiology Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Marine Biology and Environmental Chemistry
- Keywords
- plastisphere, marine plastic pollution, biofilm, microbial community diversity, seasonal variation, spatial variability, polyethylene terephthalate, cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, diatoms, brown algae, North Sea
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, North Sea, Oceans and Seas, Plastics, Seasons, Seawater, Water Pollutants, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Biofilms, Eukaryota, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
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