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Spatial and seasonal variation in diversity and structure of microbial biofilms on marine plastics in Northern European waters
Open accessAbstract
Plastic pollution is now recognised as a major threat to marine environments and marine biota. Recent research highlights that diverse microbial species are found to colonise plastic surfaces (the plastisphere) within marine waters. Here, we investigate how the structure and diversity of marine plastisphere microbial community vary with respect to season, location and plastic substrate type. We performed a 6-week exposure experiment with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles in the North Sea (UK) as well as sea surface sampling of plastic polymers in Northern European waters. Scanning electron microscopy revealed diverse plastisphere communities comprising prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing analysis revealed that plastisphere microbial communities on PET fragments varied both with season and location and comprised of bacteria belonging to Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and members of the eukaryotes Bacillariophyceae and Phaeophyceae. Polymers sampled from the sea surface mainly comprised polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene particles. Variation within plastisphere communities on different polymer types was observed, but communities were primarily dominated by Cyanobacteria. This research reveals that the composition of plastisphere microbial communities in marine waters varies with season, geographical location and plastic substrate type. We investigated structural and taxonomical variation of microbial biofilm communities on plastic fragments in coastal and offshore Northern European waters, with respect to season, geographical location and plastic type. We investigated structural and taxonomical variation of microbial biofilm communities on plastic fragments in coastal and offshore Northern European waters, with respect to season, geographical location and plastic type.
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“Loss of samples by anthropogenic impact or natural forces (e.g. [29, 38, 40, 42]) could substantially jeopardize the outcome of experiments.”
From Field and mesocosm methods to test biodegradable plastic film under marine conditions (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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Microplastics in the marine environment: Impacts, identification and treatments
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Khandeparker, L., Hede, N., Eswaran, R., Usgaonkar, A., & Anil, A. C. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2017.09.014 · Cited by 7
Walker, D. I., Baker‐Austin, C., Smith, A. J., Thorpe, K. L., Bakir, A., Galloway, T. S., Ganther, S., Gaze, W., Lewis, C. N., Russell, J., et al. (2022) · doi:10.46756/sci.fsa.xdx112 · Cited by 8
Microbes and microplastics: Community shifts along an urban coastal contaminant gradient
Garrison, C. E., Pachiadaki, M., Soliman, S., Helfrich, A., & Taylor, G. T. (2023) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16563 · Cited by 6
A Pan-European study of the bacterial plastisphere diversity along river-to-sea continuums
Philip, L., Chapron, L., Barbe, V., Burgaud, G., Calvès, I., Paul-Pont, I., Thiébeauld, O., Sperandio, B., Navarro, L., ter Halle, A., et al. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-35658-9 · Cited by 10
“Geographical location and seasons (Amaral-Zettler et al. 2015; Coons et al. 2021; Oberbeckmann et al. 2014), as well as chemical polymer composition, plastic shape, size (Cheng et al. 2021; Delacuvellerie et al. 2022), or even colors (Wen et al. 2020), were shown to influence the bacterial…”
Pan, T., Guo, Z. H., Hu, S., Dong, D., Li, J., Yang, X., Dai, Y., Li, L., Wu, F., Wu, Z., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178671 · Cited by 8
Sabar, M. A., Bunditboondee, C., Lin, Y.-P., & Lohwacharin, J. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119692 · Cited by 6
Wang, T., Lu, F., Yang, C., Wang, C., Liao, Y., Mkuye, R., & Deng, Y. (2024) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106525 · Cited by 6
Algal-based Degradation of Microplastic: Prospects for Combating Microplastic Pollution
Othman, R., Hatta, F. A. M., Latiff, N. H. M., Sulaiman, W. S. H. W., Ramya, R., Ali, Q. A. M., Johari, N. N., & Bakar, A. E. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8357-5_29 · Cited by 6
Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Hao, J., Zhao, C., Han, F., Xiong, Q., Wang, X., Du, C., & Xu, H. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124603 · Cited by 6
Liu, R., Wei, G., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Zhao, S., Zhang, B., Hao, X., Liu, K., & Shao, Z. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.120812 · Cited by 6
Microplastics and Anaerobic Digestion
Ezugworie, F. N., Aliyu, G. O., & Onwosi, C. O. (2022) · Environmental footprints and eco-design of products and processes · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8440-1_13 · Cited by 5
Effects of Discarded Masks on the Offshore Microorganisms during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Liao, J., Ji, S., & Chi, Y. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10080426 · Cited by 7
“Under the complex environmental conditions of marine ecosystems, microbial diversity and structure are influenced by a variety of factors: microplastic concentration, time of day, salinity, nutrients in seawater, and free-living bacteria all have important ecological effects on microbial community structure [35,36].”
BackgroundEffects of Microplastics in the Cryosphere
Ásmundsdóttir, Á. M., & Scholz, B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_47-2 · Cited by 7
Engineering a microbiosphere to clean up the ocean – inspiration from the plastisphere
Alnahdi, K. A., Alali, L. W., Suwaidan, M. K., & Akhtar, M. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1017378 · Cited by 12
“Many of the members of the plastisphere community are bacterial species but also include other types of microorganisms such as archaea, fungi and microbial eukaryotes (Oberbeckmann et al., 2014; Oberbeckmann et al., 2016; Oberbeckmann et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSáenz-Arias, S., Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Córdoba-Meza, T., Blandón, L. M., Espinosa, L. F., Aguas, L. J. V., & Canals, M. (2023) · Ecosistemas · doi:10.7818/ecos.2489 · Cited by 6
Plastisphere on Microplastics: In Situ Assays in an Estuarine EnvironmentPreprint
López, A. D. F., Brugnoni, L. I., Abasto, B., Rimondino, G. N., Lassalle, V., Ardusso, M. G., Nazzarro, M. S., Martinez, A. M., Spetter, C. V., Biancalana, F., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4102891 · Cited by 6
Szabó, I., Al-Omari, J., Dąbrowska, A., Szerdahelyi, S. G., Sebők, R., Szabó, G., Micsinai, A., Kaszab, E., Szoboszlay, S., & Kriszt, B. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123637 · Cited by 3
Xie, T., Zhao, Y., Gao, J., Zhang, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.163144 · Cited by 5
Propensity and repercussion of microplastics in the soil-water-urban continuum
Kumar, M., Gupta, P., Dogra, S., Sarkar, D., Mora, A., Ornelas‐Soto, N., & Mahlknecht, J. (2025) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104663 · Cited by 6
Purganan, D. J. E., Ayalde, M. J. L., & Onda, D. F. L. (2025) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-025-04750-0 · Cited by 5
“…as salinity, pH (Pinnell and Turner 2020 ), nutrient availability (Oberbeckmann et al. 2018 ; Arias-Andres et al. 2018 ; Li et al. 2019 ), season (Oberbeckmann et al. 2014 ; Kirstein et al. 2018 ), habitat, temperature (Misic and Covazzi Harriague 2019 ; Zhang et al. 2021 ), and light and solar…”
Oyster Reefs Are Reservoirs for Potential Pathogens in a Highly Disturbed Subtropical Estuary
Sweat, L. H., Busch, S. J., Craig, C. A., Dark, E., Sailor-Tynes, T., Wayles, J., Sacks, P. E., & Walters, L. J. (2023) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments10120205 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Oberbeckmann, S., Loeder, M. G. J., Gerdts, G., & Osborn, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Hull (GB)
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Oberbeckmann, Sonja
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Ecology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-11-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 478-492
- ISSN
- 0168-6496 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6941
- OpenAlex
- W1839247734
- Cited by
- 540
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEMS Microbiology Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Marine Biology and Environmental Chemistry
- Keywords
- plastisphere, marine plastic pollution, biofilm, microbial community diversity, seasonal variation, spatial variability, polyethylene terephthalate, cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, diatoms, brown algae, North Sea
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, North Sea, Oceans and Seas, Plastics, Seasons, Seawater, Water Pollutants, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Biofilms, Eukaryota, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
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