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The Hydrological Urban Heat Island: Determinants of Acute and Chronic Heat Stress in Urban Streams
Abstract
During and after rainfall events, the interaction of precipitation with hot urban pavements leads to hot runoff, and its merger with urban streams can result in an abrupt change in water temperature that can harm aquatic ecosystems. To understand this phenomenon and its relation to land cover and hydrometeorological parameters, we analyzed data spanning two years from 100 sites in the eastern United States. To identify surges, we first isolated temperature jumps of at least 0.5°C over 15 min occurring simultaneously with water flow increase. Surge magnitude was defined as the difference between peak stream temperature and baseflow temperature right before the jump. At least 10 surges were observed in 53 of the studied streams, with some surges exceeding 10°C. Our results demonstrate that the watershed developed area and vegetation fraction are the best descriptors of surge frequency (Spearman correlation of 0.76 and 0.77, respectively). On the other hand, for surge magnitude and peak temperature, the primary drivers are stream discharge and stream temperature immediately before the surge. In general, the more urbanized streams were found to be already warmer than their more “vegetated” counterparts during baseflow conditions, and were also the most affected by temperature surges. Together, these findings suggest the existence of a hydrological urban heat island, here defined as the increase in stream temperature (chronic and/or acute), caused by increased urbanization.
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“With global air temperatures rising and rapid urbanization occurring in cities, a subsequent increase in runoff temperatures has created hydrologic urban heat islands that are a serious threat to aquatic health (Zahn et al., 2021).”
From Review of emerging contaminants in green stormwater infrastructure: antibiotic resistance genes, microplastics, tire wear particles, PFAS, and temperature (2024) · cites this paper as Zahn et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The same causes of the urban heat island have direct impacts on the temperature of urban runoff, resulting in hydrologic urban heat islands where urban streams have comparatively higher baseflow temperatures and are subject to greater temperature surges from stormwater runoff (Zahn et al., 2021).”
From Review of emerging contaminants in green stormwater infrastructure: antibiotic resistance genes, microplastics, tire wear particles, PFAS, and temperature (2024) · cites this paper as Zahn et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The same causes of the urban heat island have direct impacts on the temperature of urban runoff, resulting in hydrologic urban heat islands where urban streams have comparatively higher baseflow temperatures and are subject to greater temperature surges from stormwater runoff (Zahn et al., 2021).”
From Review of emerging contaminants in green stormwater infrastructure: antibiotic resistance genes, microplastics, tire wear particles, PFAS, and temperature (2024) · cites this paper as Zahn et al., 2021
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bodus, B., O'Malley, K., Dieter, G., Gunawardana, C., & McDonald, W. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167195 · Cited by 76
Metadata
- Authors
- Zahn, E., Welty, C., Smith, J. A., Kemp, S. J., Baeck, M., & Bou‐Zeid, E.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
- University of Baltimore (US)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
- Venue
- JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-10-31
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 941-955
- ISSN
- 1093-474X (ISSN-L)
- 1752-1688
- OpenAlex
- W3211052703
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (CBET 1444758, ICER 1664021, CBET 1444755, DEB 1855277)
- Army Research Office (W911NF‐15‐1‐0003, W911NF‐20‐1‐0216)
- Chesapeake Bay Trust (15828)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
- Keywords
- urban rivers, heat stress, urbanization, land cover, urban runoff, fractional vegetation cover, river discharge
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- The paper
- Zahn, E., Welty, C., Smith, J. A., Kemp, S. J., Baeck, M., & Bou‐Zeid, E. (2021). The Hydrological Urban Heat Island: Determinants of Acute and Chronic Heat Stress in Urban Streams. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12963
