The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure
Abstract
Abstract The term “urban stream syndrome” describes the consistently observed ecological degradation of streams draining urban land. This paper reviews recent literature to describe symptoms of the syndrome, explores mechanisms driving the syndrome, and identifies appropriate goals and methods for ecological restoration of urban streams. Symptoms of the urban stream syndrome include a flashier hydrograph, elevated concentrations of nutrients and contaminants, altered channel morphology, and reduced biotic richness, with increased dominance of tolerant species. More research is needed before generalizations can be made about urban effects on stream ecosystem processes, but reduced nutrient uptake has been consistently reported. The mechanisms driving the syndrome are complex and interactive, but most impacts can be ascribed to a few major large-scale sources, primarily urban stormwater runoff delivered to streams by hydraulically efficient drainage systems. Other stressors, such as combined or sanitary sewer overflows, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and legacy pollutants (long-lived pollutants from earlier land uses) can obscure the effects of stormwater runoff. Most research on urban impacts to streams has concentrated on correlations between instream ecological metrics and total catchment imperviousness. Recent research shows that some of the variance in such relationships can be explained by the distance between the stream reach and urban land, or by the hydraulic efficiency of stormwater drainage. The mechanisms behind such patterns require experimentation at the catchment scale to identify the best management approaches to conservation and restoration of streams in urban catchments. Remediation of stormwater impacts is most likely to be achieved through widespread application of innovative approaches to drainage design. Because humans dominate urban ecosystems, research on urban stream ecology will require a broadening of stream ecological research to integrate with social, behavioral, and economic research.
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Urban stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces can be an important source of diffuse pollution contributing to the degradation of urban surface waters.
“Urban stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces can be an important source of diffuse pollution contributing to the degradation of urban surface waters [1,2].”
From Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff of Different Land Uses (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The impacts of urbanization on streams have been analyzed in detail and described as the 'Urban Stream Syndrome'.
“The impacts of urbanization on streams has been analyzed in detail, described by some authors as the 'Urban Stream Syndrome' [6].”
From Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
These dysfunctions have been described as the 'urban river syndrome', and their nature can vary with climatic zones.
“These dysfunctions have been described as the”
From Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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Soinski, T. A., Gato, C. D. S., Matsumoto, A. A., Brazão, M. L., & Smith, W. S. (2022) · Boletim do Instituto de Pesca · doi:10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2022.48.e641 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Walsh, C. J., Roy, A. H., Feminella, J. W., Cottingham, P. D., Groffman, P. M., & Morgan, R. P.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Auburn University (US)
- University of Canberra (AU)
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies (US)
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walsh, Christopher J.
- Roy, Allison H.
- Feminella, Jack W.
- Cottingham, Peter D.
- Groffman, Peter M.
- Morgan, Raymond P.
- Venue
- Journal of the North American Benthological Society
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 706-723
- ISSN
- 0887-3593 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-237X
- OpenAlex
- W2170690812
- Cited by
- 3,018
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 201 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 203 · 2021: 202 · 2020: 229 · 2019: 207 · 2018: 186 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 157 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 48.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the North American Benthological Society (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Keywords
- urban stream syndrome, urban rivers, stormwater runoff, stormwater drainage systems, impervious surfaces, nutrient loading, contaminants, channel morphology, stream restoration, sewer overflows, wastewater treatment effluent, legacy contaminants, catchment scale, urbanization impacts
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