Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a South African City with a Predominantly Black African Population

Urban, Michael F.; Olivier, Leana; Viljoen, Denis; Lombard, Chanelle; Louw, Jacobus G.; Drotsky, Lian‐Marie; Temmerman, Marleen; Chersich, Matthew F.

doi:10.1111/acer.12726

Cited by 49Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesFetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders

Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a South African City with a Predominantly Black African Population

Urban, Michael F., Olivier, Leana, Viljoen, Denis, Lombard, Chanelle, Louw, Jacobus G., Drotsky, Lian‐Marie, Temmerman, Marleen, Chersich, Matthew F.·2015·Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

DOI 10.1111/acer.12726

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are common in some South African populations, notably those of mixed ancestry descent in rural areas and small towns. Little is known about FAS/FASD prevalence in the majority of South Africans: city dwellers of Black African ethnicity. This study describes the prevalence of FAS in a South African city, comparing 2 suburbs with predominantly mixed ancestry (Roodepan) and Black African (Galeshewe) populations that house over 60% of the city population. Methods: We conducted a tiered, active case ascertainment study for the prevalence of FAS and also detected some less clinically specific FASD cases. All first‐grade learners in the 2 suburbs were eligible for anthropometric screening, and screen‐positive learners were assessed for dysmorphic features of FAS. Those with suggestive clinical features received neurocognitive assessment, and maternal or collateral interview. Final diagnosis was made following a case conference. Results: Complete ascertainment of FAS status was made in 1,503 (94.7%) of 1,587 eligible learners (435 in Roodepan and 1,152 in Galeshewe). Overall, FAS was diagnosed in 83 (5.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4 to 6.8) learners and FASD in 96 (6.4%, 95% CI = 5.2 to 7.7). Levels of FAS were high in both areas: 26 (6.3%, 95% CI = 4.2 to 9.2) learners from Roodepan, compared to 57 (5.2%, 95% CI = 4.0 to 6.7) from Galeshewe (p = 0.39). No cases were previously diagnosed. The mortality rate for mothers of FASD children from Galeshewe was 19 of 65 (29%), compared to 3 of 31 (9.7%; p = 0.03) for Roodepan. Interviewed mothers in Galeshewe were older and had higher body mass index. Conclusions: Prevalence of FAS is high in both Galeshewe and Roodepan, and the lack of prior diagnoses indicates that awareness remains low. The maternal mortality rate was especially high in Galeshewe. The unexpectedly high burden of FAS in an urban area with predominantly Black African population mandates extension of surveillance and intervention measures in southern Africa.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/acer.12726

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The normative group of the NEPSY-II was selected to closely match the US population between 3 and 16 years of age.
“The normative group of the NEPSY-II was selected to closely match the US population between 3 and 16 years of age [38].”
From Evaluation of a Custom-Developed Computer Game to Improve Executive Functioning in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children Exposed to Alcohol in Utero: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
The reliability of NEPSY-II subtests remained stable.
“Inter-rater agreement was high on both the objectively and more subjectively scored test, and the reliability of subtests remained stable [38].”
From Evaluation of a Custom-Developed Computer Game to Improve Executive Functioning in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children Exposed to Alcohol in Utero: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Inter-rater agreement was high on both the objectively and more subjectively scored NEPSY-II tests.
“Inter-rater agreement was high on both the objectively and more subjectively scored test, and the reliability of subtests remained stable [38].”
From Evaluation of a Custom-Developed Computer Game to Improve Executive Functioning in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children Exposed to Alcohol in Utero: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [38]

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · see citing works
A Practical Clinical Approach to Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Clarification of the 1996 Institute of Medicine Criteria
Hoyme, H. E., May, P. A., Kalberg, W. O., Kodituwakku, P. W., Gossage, J. P., Trujillo, P. M., Buckley, D. G., Miller, J. H., Aragón, A. S., Khaole, N., et al. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0259 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in‐school studies
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Robinson, L. K., Buckley, D. G., Manning, M. A., & Hoyme, H. E. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.68 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE FROM BIRTH TO EIGHTEEN YEARS
Nellhaus, G. (1968) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.41.1.106 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
A systematic review of the impact of alcohol use disorders on HIV treatment outcomes, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and health care utilization
Azar, M. M., Springer, S. A., Meyer, J. P., & Altice, F. L. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.014 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Maternal risk factors in fetal alcohol syndrome: Provocative and permissive influences
Abel, E. L., & Hannigan, J. H. (1995) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/0892-0362(95)98055-6 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome in a South African community in the Western Cape Province
May, P. A., Brooke, L. E., Gossage, J. P., Croxford, J. A., Adnams, C. M., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., & Viljoen, D. L. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.12.1905 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citation
The epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial FAS in a South African community
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Marais, A., Adnams, C. M., Hoyme, H. E., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Khaole, N., Snell, C. L., Kalberg, W. O., et al. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.007 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citation
Alcohol consumption and risk of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis
Baliunas, D., Rehm, J., Irving, H., & Shuper, P. (2010) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-009-0095-x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Alcohol abuse and economic conditions: Evidence from repeated cross‐sections of individual‐level data
Dee, T. S. (2001) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.588 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: not as simple as it might seem.
May, P. A., & Gossage, J. P. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol syndrome epidemiology in a South African community: a second study of a very high prevalence area.
Viljoen, D. L., Gossage, J. P., Brooke, L. E., Adnams, C. M., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Hoyme, H. E., Snell, C. L., Khaole, N., Kodituwakku, P. W., et al. (2005) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.593 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citation
Approaching the Prevalence of the Full Spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a <scp>S</scp> outh <scp>A</scp> frican Population‐Based Study
May, P. A., Blankenship, J., Marais, A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Barnard, R., De Vries, M., Robinson, L. K., Adnams, C. M., Buckley, D., et al. (2013) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12033 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape
de Wit, E., Delport, W., Chimusa, E. R., Meintjes, A., Möller, M., van Helden, P. D., Seoighe, C., & Hoal, E. G. (2010) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Alcohol use in South Africa: findings from the first Demographic and Health Survey (1998).
Parry, C. D. H., Plüddemann, A., Steyn, K., Bradshaw, D., Norman, R. E., & Laubscher, R. (2005) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.91 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Genetic polymorphisms: Impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Warren, K. R., & Li, T. (2005) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20125 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
CROSS-CULTURAL EVALUATION OF TWO DRINKING ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS: ALCOHOL TIMELINE FOLLOWBACK AND INVENTORY OF DRINKING SITUATIONS
Sobell, L. C., Agrawal, S., Annis, H. M., Velázquez, H. A., Echeverría, L., Leo, G. I., RYBAKOWSKI, J. K., Sandahl, C., Saunders, B., Thomas, S. C., et al. (2001) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-100102628 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Patterns of Cognitive-Motor Development in Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome From a Community in South Africa
Adnams, C. M., Kodituwakku, P. W., Hay, A., Molteno, C. D., Viljoen, D. L., & May, P. A. (2001) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02250.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): The association between birthplace, acculturation and alcohol abuse and dependence across Hispanic national groups
Caetano, R., Ramisetty‐Mikler, S., & Rodriguez, L. A. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.011 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and other maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome among three distinct samples of women before, during, and after pregnancy: The risk is relative
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., White‐Country, M., Goodhart, K. A., Decoteau, S., Trujillo, P. M., Kalberg, W. O., Viljoen, D. L., & Hoyme, H. E. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fetal alcohol syndrome among grade 1 schoolchildren in Northern Cape Province: prevalence and risk factors.
Urban, M. F., Chersich, M., Fourie, L.-A., Chetty, C., Olivier, L., & Viljoen, D. L. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation
Focus on: ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking
Chartier, K. G. (2013) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v35.2.13 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Acculturation, drinking and social settings among U.S. hispanics
Caetano, R. (1987) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(87)90041-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Palpebral fissure length from 29 weeks gestation to 14 years
Thomas, I. T., Gaitantzis, Y. A., & Frías, J. L. (1987) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80085-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Maternal Factors Predicting Cognitive and Behavioral Characteristics of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
May, P. A., Tabachnick, B. G., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Marais, A., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D. G., Hoyme, H. E., et al. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3182905587 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol syndrome among grade-one children in the Northern Cape Province: prevalence and risk factors
Urban, M. F., Chersich, M., Fourie, L.-A., Chetty, C., Olivier, L., & Viljoen, D. L. (2008) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.1528 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predictors of risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies among women in an urban and a rural area of South Africa
Morojele, N. K., London, L., Olorunju, S. A. S., Matjila, M. J., Davids, A., & Rendall‐Mkosi, K. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.040 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders—Implications for Child Neurology, Part 2: Diagnosis and Management
Paintner, A., Williams, A., & Burd, L. (2012) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073811428377 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Burden of fetal alcohol syndrome in a rural West Coast area of South Africa
Olivier, L., Urban, M. F., Chersich, M., Temmerman, M., & Viljoen, D. L. (2013) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.6249 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Universal Prevention is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Northern Cape, South Africa: A Multicentre Before–After Study
Chersich, M. F., Urban, M., Olivier, L., Davies, L.-A., Chetty, C., & Viljoen, D. (2012) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr145 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Approaches to Ethnicity: Clearing Roadblocks in the Study of Ethnicity and Substance Use
Cheung, Y. W. (1993) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826089309062185 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The international charter on prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Jonsson, E., Salmon, A., & Warren, K. R. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70173-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Screening and brief intervention in prenatal care settings.
Chang, G. (2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol syndrome--South Africa, 2001.
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A PILOT STUDY OF ALCOHOL EXPOSURE AND PHARMACOKINETICS IN WOMEN WITH OR WITHOUT CHILDREN WITH FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Khaole, N., Ramchandani, V. A., Viljoen, D. L., & Li, T. (2004) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh089 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Profile of drinking behaviour and comparison of self-report with the CAGE questionnaire and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in a rural Lesotho community
Siegfried, N. (2001) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/36.3.243 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Female alcoholism problems in Lesotho
MPHI, M. (1994) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03350.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
First Evidence of Comorbidity of Problem Gambling and Other Psychiatric Problems in a Representative Urban Sample of South Africa
Sharp, C., Dellis, A., Hofmeyr, A., Kincaid, H., & Ross, D. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9469-y · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Introduction: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders—Shedding light on an unseen disability
Paley, B. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.70 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth
Lange, S., Probst, C., Gmel, G. E., Rehm, J. T., Burd, L., & Popova, S. (2017) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Worldwide Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review Including Meta‐Analysis
Roozen, S., Peters, G.-J., Kok, G., Townend, D. M. R., Nijhuis, J. G., & Curfs, L. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12939 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Population-based prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Canada
Popova, S., Lange, S., Poznyak, V. B., Chudley, A. E., Shield, K. D., Reynolds, J. N., Murray, M., & Rehm, J. T. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7213-3 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevalence rates in South Africa
Olivier, L., Curfs, L., & Viljoen, D. L. (2016) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2016.v106i6.11009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence and profile of Neurodevelopment and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) amongst Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities
Fitzpatrick, J. P., Latimer, J., Olson, H. C., Carter, M., Oscar, J., Lucas, B. R., Doney, R., Salter, C., Try, J., Hawkes, G., et al. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.04.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in four rural communities in south africa: Prevalence and characteristics
May, P. A., de Vries, M. M., Marais, A.-S., Kalberg, W. O., Adnams, C. M., Hasken, J. M., Tabachnick, B., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., Jones, K. L., et al. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.023 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Early Developmental Outcomes of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Review
Subramoney, S., Eastman, E., Adnams, C. M., Stein, D. J., & Donald, K. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01108 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa
May, P. A., de Vries, M. M., Marais, A., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Adnams, C. M., Hasken, J. M., Tabachnick, B. G., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14050522 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a community in South Africa: Prevalence and characteristics in a fifth sample
May, P. A., Marais, A.-S., de Vries, M. M., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D., Hasken, J. M., Adnams, C. M., Barnard, R., Joubert, B., Cloete, M., et al. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.025 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Midwestern City: Child Characteristics, Maternal Risk Traits, and Prevalence
May, P. A., Hasken, J. M., Baete, A., Russo, J., Elliott, A. J., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Brooks, M., Ortega, M. A., Hedrick, D. M., et al. (2020) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14314 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Southeastern County of the United States: Child Characteristics and Maternal Risk Traits
May, P. A., Hasken, J. M., Stegall, J. M., Mastro, H. A., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Brooks, M., Hedrick, D. M., Ortega, M. A., Elliott, A. J., et al. (2020) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14313 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
How strong is the evidence for using blood biomarkers alone to screen for alcohol consumption during pregnancy? A systematic review
Howlett, H., Abernethy, S., Brown, N. W., Rankin, J. M., & Gray, W. K. (2017) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.04.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Impairment of motor skills in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in remote Australia: The Lililwan Project
Lucas, B. R., Doney, R., Latimer, J., Watkins, R. E., Tsang, T. W., Hawkes, G., Fitzpatrick, J. P., Oscar, J., Carter, M., & Elliott, E. J. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12375 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Serum concentrations of IGF-I/IGF-II as biomarkers of alcohol damage during foetal development and diagnostic markers of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
Andreu-Férnández, V., Bastons-Compta, A., Navarro‐Tapia, E., Sailer, S., & García‐Algar, Ó. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38041-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gross motor performance in children prenatally exposed to alcohol and living in remote Australia
Lucas, B. R., Latimer, J., Doney, R., Watkins, R. E., Tsang, T. W., Hawkes, G., Fitzpatrick, J. P., Oscar, J., Carter, M., & Elliott, E. J. (2016) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.13240 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The Dop System of Alcohol Distribution is Dead, but It’s Legacy Lives On….”
May, P. A., Marais, A., de Vries, M. M., Hasken, J. M., Stegall, J. M., Hedrick, D. M., Snell, C. L., Seedat, S., & Parry, C. D. H. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193701 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A guideline for the prevention and management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in South Africa
Adebiyi, B. O., Mukumbang, F. C., & Beytell, A.-M. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4677-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A modified Delphi study towards developing a guideline to inform policy on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in South Africa: a study protocol
Adebiyi, B. O., Mukumbang, F. C., Okop, K., & Beytell, A.-M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019907 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Changes in drinking patterns during and after pregnancy among mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome: A study in three districts of South Africa
Urban, M. F., Olivier, L., Louw, J. G., Lombard, C., Viljoen, D. L., Scorgie, F., & Chersich, M. F. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.629 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Burden and Social Cost of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Popova, S., Lange, S., Burd, L., & Rehm, J. T. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.78 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Speech Impairment in Boys With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Terband, H., Spruit, M., & Maassen, B. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Expert evidence in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder cases
Freckelton, I. R. (2016) · Ethics Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2016.01.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Health and Social Impacts of Easy Access to Alcohol and Exposure to Alcohol Advertisements Among Women of Childbearing Age in Urban and Rural South Africa
Amanuel, H., Morojele, N. K., & London, L. (2018) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.302 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Policymakers’ Perspectives Towards Developing a Guideline to Inform Policy on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study
Adebiyi, B. O., Mukumbang, F. C., Cloete, L. G., & Beytell, A.-M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16060945 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Comparing diagnostic outcomes of children with fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa with diagnostic outcomes when using the updated Institute of Medicine diagnostic guidelines
Viljoen, D. L., Louw, J. G., Lombard, C., & Olivier, L. (2018) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1399 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluation of a Custom-Developed Computer Game to Improve Executive Functioning in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children Exposed to Alcohol in Utero: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Louw, J. G., Olivier, L., Skeen, S., van Heerden, A., & Tomlinson, M. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/14489 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
A multi‐year, multi‐site study of the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa
Louw, J. G., Broodryk, M., White, L., Acker, D., Viljoen, D. L., & Olivier, L. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15306 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Contributions of Zebrafish Studies to the Behavioural Consequences of Early Alcohol Exposure: A Systematic Review
da Silva, R. S., Schaidhauer, F. G., Caetano, H. A., & da Silva, G. P. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210428114317 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Its Impact on a Child’s Classroom Performance: A Case Study of a Rural South African School
Lubbe, M., van Walbeek, C., & Vellios, N. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14080896 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Unrealistic optimism with regard to drinking during pregnancy among women of childbearing age in a South African community
Louw, J., Tomlinson, M., & Olivier, L. (2018) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246317717105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive Function After Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Children in a South African Population: Cross-sectional Study
Louw, J., van Heerden, A., Olivier, L., Lambrechts, T., Broodryk, M., Bunge, L., Vosloo, M., & Tomlinson, M. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/20658 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparative Analysis of Physical Traits of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in South Africa and the United States and the Likelihood of FASD Births
May, P. A., Hasken, J. M., Marais, A., de Vries, M. M., Kalberg, W. O., Manning, M. A., & Hoyme, H. E. (2022) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2613-9_6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Passive Addiction and Teratogenic Effects
Woodward, L. J., McPherson, C. C., & Volpe, J. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-42876-7.00038-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Roozen, S. (2019) · doi:10.26481/dis.20190130sr · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Should drinking during pregnancy be criminalised to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
Gardner, J. (2016) · South African Journal of Bioethics and Law · doi:10.7196/sajbl.2016.v9i1.468 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A pooled prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in South Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Adebiyi, B. O., & Mukumbang, F. C. (2021) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00679-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuropsychological aspects of prevention and intervention for FASD in South Africa.
Kalberg, W. O., Marais, A., de Vries, M. M., Seedat, S., Parry, C. D. H., & May, P. A. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-017-0035-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in South Africa
Olivier (2017) · doi:10.26481/dis.20171212lo · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maternal and paternal risk factors associated with diagnoses within the continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the USA : Proximal and distal influences
May, P. A., Hasken, J. M., Stegall, J. M., Mastro, H. A., Baete, A., Russo, J., Bozeman, R., Burns, M. K., Jones, J., Kalberg, W. O., et al. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15501 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the knowledge, attitudes, and potential role of oral health practitioners in FASD screening in South Africa
Roomaney, I. A., Nyirenda, C., & Chetty, M. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-07017-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sensory integration difficulties and dysfunctions in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Plooy, M. D. (2017) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Women's experiences of receiving a child's fetal alcohol spectrum disorder diagnosis: a Western Cape study
Shaw, T. (2015) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)
Moral responsibility for prenatal harm to children : the case of fetal alcohol syndrome
Gardner, J. (2016) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Exploring the Existence of a Unique Neurodevelopmental Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Lange, S. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Correlates and comparisons of use of a variety of drugs and associated harms in various high and middle-income countries
Laslett, A., & Morojele, N. K. (2021) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.347
Computer-based cognitive training for cognitive development of alcohol-exposed children in South Africa: a feasibility randomised control trial
Louw, J. G., van Heerden, A. C., Broodryk, M., White, L., Olivier, L., & Tomlinson, M. (2023) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00812463231186266
Self-citation
Impacts of early exposure to ethanol on adenosine functioning in zebrafishPreprint
Couto, G. T., da Silva, G. P., Rockenbach, L., da Silva, J. S., Vianna, M. R. M. R., & da Silva, R. S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551856
An examination of child outcomes and predictors of severity when prenatal alcohol exposure is frequent and heavy
May, P. A., Hasken, J. M., Marais, A., de Vries, M. M., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Abdul-Rahman, O. A., Adam, M. P., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., et al. (2026) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70228
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Prevalence Studies in School Settings: A Global Systematic Review of Methods, Measures, Strengths and Limitations
McCarthy, R., Pink, J., Olivier, L., Gilbert, D. J., Mukherjee, R., & Cook, P. A. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.70233
Self-citation

The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in South Africa: A study in a Free State Province community
Louw, J. G., Broodryk, M., Viljoen, D. L., & Olivier, L. (2026) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2025.v116i8.3660
Self-citation
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevalence rates in South Africa
Olivier, L., Curfs, L., & Viljoen, D. L. (2016) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2016.v106i6.11009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fetal alcohol syndrome epidemiology in a South African community: a second study of a very high prevalence area.
Viljoen, D. L., Gossage, J. P., Brooke, L. E., Adnams, C. M., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Hoyme, H. E., Snell, C. L., Khaole, N., Kodituwakku, P. W., et al. (2005) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.593 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citation
The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in rural communities in South Africa: A third regional sample of child characteristics and maternal risk factors
May, P. A., de Vries, M. M., Marais, A., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Hasken, J. M., Abdul-Rahman, O. A., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., Seedat, S., et al. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14922 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A multi‐year, multi‐site study of the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa
Louw, J. G., Broodryk, M., White, L., Acker, D., Viljoen, D. L., & Olivier, L. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15306 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Urban, M. F., Olivier, L., Viljoen, D., Lombard, C., Louw, J. G., Drotsky, L., Temmerman, M., & Chersich, M. F.
Affiliations: Stellenbosch University (ZA)
Foundation for Alcohol Related Research (ZA)
Ghent University (BE)
University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
Corresponding author: Urban, Michael F.
ORCID: Urban, Michael F.
Olivier, Leana
Viljoen, Denis
Louw, Jacobus G.
Drotsky, Lian‐Marie
Temmerman, Marleen
Chersich, Matthew F.
Venue: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2015-05-02
Volume: 39
Issue: 6
Pages: 1016-1026
ISSN: 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
1530-0277
DOI: 10.1111/acer.12726
OpenAlex: W2064937578
Cited by: 49
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 8.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Substance Abuse Directorate, Department of Social Development, Northern Cape Province, South Africa (-)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
Keywords: fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, prevalence, Black African population, urban children, anthropometric screening, neuropsychological assessment, maternal mortality, prenatal alcohol exposure, South Africa, case ascertainment, admixed populations, dysmorphic features, maternal body mass index, maternal age
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Mortality, Risk Factors, South Africa, Urban Population, Prevalence, Black People, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a South African City with a Predominantly Black African Population

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks