The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes
Open accessAbstract
Aims: To assess levels of nicotine, nicotine degradation products and some specific impurities in commercial refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Design and setting: We analyzed 20 models of 10 of the most popular brands of refill liquids, using gas and liquid chromatography. Measurements: We assessed nicotine content, content of the known nicotine degradation products and impurities, and presence of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. Findings: The nicotine content in the bottles corresponded closely to the labels on the bottles. The levels of nicotine degradation products represented 0–4.4% of those for nicotine, but for most samples the level was 1–2%. Cis‐N‐oxide, trans‐N‐oxide, myosmine, anatabine and anabasine were the most common additional compounds found. Neither ethylene glycol nor diethylene glycol were detected. Conclusion: The nicotine content of electronic cigarette refill bottles is close to what is stated on the label. Impurities are detectable in several brands above the level set for nicotine products in the European Pharmacopoeia, but below the level where they would be likely to cause harm.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update
Benowitz, N. L., Bernert, J. T., Foulds, J., Hecht, S. S., Jacob, P., Jarvis, M. J., Joseph, A., Oncken, C., & Piper, M. E. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz132 · Cited by 619
Farsalinos, K. E., & Polosa, R. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098614524430 · Cited by 594
Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes
Cheng, T. (2014) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482 · Cited by 555
Hajek, P., Etter, J., Benowitz, N., Eissenberg, T., & McRobbie, H. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12659 · Cited by 546
Self-citationOverview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review
Glasser, A. M., Collins, L., Pearson, J. L., Abudayyeh, H., Niaura, R. S., Abrams, D. B., & Villanti, A. C. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.036 · Cited by 473
Metadata
- Authors
- Etter, J., Zäther, E., & Svensson, S.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-05-23
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1671-1679
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2101758114
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 19.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/add.12235
- The paper
- Etter, J., Zäther, E., & Svensson, S. (2013). Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12235
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
