Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update

Benowitz, Neal L; Bernert, John T; Foulds, Jonathan; Hecht, Stephen S; Jacob, Peyton; Jarvis, Martin J; Joseph, Anne; Oncken, Cheryl; Piper, Megan E

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz132

Cited by 621Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update

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Benowitz, Neal L, Bernert, John T, Foulds, Jonathan, Hecht, Stephen S, Jacob, Peyton, Jarvis, Martin J, Joseph, Anne, Oncken, Cheryl +1 more·2020·Nicotine & Tobacco Research

DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntz132PMC PMC7882145

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The changing prevalence and patterns of tobacco use, the advent of novel nicotine delivery devices, and the development of new biomarkers prompted an update of the 2002 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) report on whether and how to apply biomarker verification for tobacco use and abstinence. METHODS: The SRNT Treatment Research Network convened a group of investigators with expertise in tobacco biomarkers to update the recommendations of the 2002 SNRT Biochemical Verification Report. RESULTS: Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence increases scientific rigor and is recommended in clinical trials of smoking cessation, when feasible. Sources, appropriate biospecimens, cutpoints, time of detection windows and analytic methods for carbon monoxide, cotinine (including over the counter tests), total nicotine equivalents, minor tobacco alkaloids, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol are reviewed, as well as biochemical approaches to distinguishing cigarette smoking from use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS). CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are provided for whether and how to use biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence. Guidelines are provided on which biomarkers to use, which biospecimens to use, optimal cutpoints, time windows to detection, and methodology for biochemical verifications. Use of combinations of biomarkers is recommended for assessment of ENDS use. IMPLICATIONS: Biochemical verification increases scientific rigor, but there are drawbacks that need to be assessed to determine whether the benefits of biochemical verification outweigh the costs, including the cost of the assays, the feasibility of sample collection, the ability to draw clear conclusions based on the duration of abstinence, and the variability of the assay within the study population. This paper provides updated recommendations from the 2002 SRNT report on whether and how to use biochemical markers in determining tobacco use and abstinence.

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Abstinence outcomes are reliable in studies in which biochemical verification is not feasible, such as those in which data are collected by phone or through the internet or when personal contact is limited.
“authors like Benowitz et al. (2020) and West et al. (2005) suggest that abstinence outcomes are also reliable in those studies in which biochemical verification is not feasible, such as those in which the data are collected by phone or through the internet or when personal contact is limited.”
From Evaluation of effectiveness and acceptability of a psychological treatment for smoking cessation combined with a smartphone App: A pilot study (2024) · cites this paper as Benowitz et al., 2020
In the Introduction section “Is Bioverification of Quitters Necessary?” (page unavailable), the paper says validation may not be feasible in quitline-based trials and that self-report has often been considered adequate in the absence of special circumstances. It does not establish that abstinence outcomes are reliable specifically when data are collected by phone or internet or personal contact is limited; it also warns about misreported abstinence and recommends verification when feasible. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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McDonagh, E. M., Wassenaar, C. A., David, S. P., Tyndale, R. F., Altman, R. B., Whirl‐Carrillo, M., & Klein, T. E. (2012) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283540217 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Assessing exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK using its urinary metabolite NNAL measured in US population: 2011–2012
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Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking casino patrons.
Anderson, K. E., Kliris, J., Murphy, L., Carmella, S. G., Han, S., Link, C. A., Bliss, R., Puumala, S. E., Murphy, S. E., & Hecht, S. S. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Respiratory retention of nicotine and urinary excretion of nicotine and its five major metabolites in adult male smokers
Feng, S., Kapur, S., Sarkar, M. A., Muhammad, R., Mendes, P. E., Newland, K., & Roethig, H. J. (2007) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.06.016 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Influence of air pollution on exhaled carbon monoxide levels in smokers and non-smokers. A prospective cross-sectional study
Maga, M., Janik, M. K., Wachsmann, A., Chrząstek-Janik, O., Koziej, M., Bajkowski, M., Maga, P., Tyrak, K. E., Wójcik, K., Gregorczyk‐Maga, I., et al. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Urine Metabolites for Estimating Daily Intake of Nicotine From Cigarette Smoking
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Variations in Carboxyhaemoglobin Levels in Smokers
Castleden, C. M., & Cole, P. V. (1974) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5947.736 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Variation in Levels of the Lung Carcinogen NNAL and Its Glucuronides in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers from Five Ethnic Groups with Differing Risks for Lung Cancer
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Quantitation of the Minor Tobacco Alkaloids Nornicotine, Anatabine, and Anabasine in Smokers’ Urine by High Throughput Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
von Weymarn, L. B., Thomson, N. M., Donny, E. C., Hatsukami, D. K., & Murphy, S. E. (2016) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00521 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Carcinogenicity and DNA adduct formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and enantiomers of its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in F-344 rats
Balbo, S., Johnson, C. S., Kovi, R. C., James-Yi, S. A., O’Sullivan, M. G., Wang, M., Le, C. T., Khariwala, S. S., Upadhyaya, P., & Hecht, S. S. (2014) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgu204 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Relative performance of common biochemical indicators in detecting cigarette smoking
Marrone, G. F., Shakleya, D. M., Scheidweiler, K. B., Singleton, E. G., Huestis, M. A., & Heishman, S. J. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03441.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Optimized Smoking Treatment Delivered in Primary Care
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Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Nicotine, Cotinine, and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol in Human Toenails
Stepanov, I. S., Feuer, R. M., Jensen, J. A., Hatsukami, D. K., & Hecht, S. S. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0265 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Nicotelline: A Proposed Biomarker and Environmental Tracer for Particulate Matter Derived from Tobacco Smoke
Jacob, P., Goniewicz, M. L., Havel, C. M., Schick, S. F., & Benowitz, N. L. (2013) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx400094y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Utility of biochemical verification of tobacco cessation in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Noonan, D., Jiang, Y., & Duffy, S. A. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Urinary Metabolites of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen in Nonsmoking Hospitality Workers
Tulunay, O. E., Hecht, S. S., Carmella, S. G., Zhang, Y., Lemmonds, C. A., Murphy, S. E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0570 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Cotinine in Newborn Dried Blood Spots
Spector, L. G., Murphy, S. E., Wickham, K. M., Lindgren, B. R., & Joseph, A. M. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3118 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Determination of a saliva cotinine cut‐off to distinguish pregnant smokers from pregnant non‐smokers
Hegaard, H. K., Kjærgaard, H. W., Møller, L. F., Wachmann, H., & Ottesen, B. (2007) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340601147517 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Using expired air carbon monoxide to determine smoking status during pregnancy: Preliminary identification of an appropriately sensitive and specific cut-point
Bailey, B. A. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.011 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The effect of a minimal contact smoking cessation programme in out-patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pre–post-test study
Monninkhof, E. M., van der Valk, P., van der Palen, J. A. M., Mulder, H., Pieterse, M. E., van Herwaarden, C., & Zielhuis, G. G. (2003) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(03)00096-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A review of the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in biological matrices
Shah, K. A., & Karnes, H. T. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408440903394435 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Analysis of Total 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol in Smokers' Blood
Carmella, S. G., Han, S., Villalta, P. W., & Hecht, S. S. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0129 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Cessation of alcohol consumption decreases rate of nicotine metabolism in male alcohol-dependent smokers
Gubner, N. R., Kozar-Konieczna, A., Szołtysek-Bołdys, I., Słodczyk-Mańkowska, E., Goniewicz, J., Sobczak, A., Jacob, P., Benowitz, N. L., & Goniewicz, M. L. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Urine Cotinine Screening Detect Nearly Ubiquitous Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Urban Adolescents
Benowitz, N. L., Jain, S., Dempsey, D. A., Nardone, N., Helen, G. S., & Jacob, P. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw390 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Biomarkers of Exposure for Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes: Nicotelline, NNAL, and Total Nicotine Equivalents
Jacob, P., Helen, G. S., Yu, L., Nardone, N., Havel, C. M., Cheung, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz235 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Uptake of the Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-Butanone by Moldovan Children
Stepanov, I. S., Hecht, S. S., Duca, G. G., & Mardari, I. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0293 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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The ratio of a urinary tobacco-specific lung carcinogen metabolite to cotinine is significantly higher in passive than in active smokers
Vogel, R. I., Carmella, S. G., Stepanov, I. S., Hatsukami, D. K., & Hecht, S. S. (2011) · Biomarkers · doi:10.3109/1354750x.2011.598565 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Estimation of Saliva Cotinine Cut-Off Points for Active and Passive Smoking during Pregnancy—Polish Mother and Child Cohort (REPRO_PL)
Polańska, K., Król, A. I., Kałużny, P., Ligocka, D., Mikołajewska, K., Shaheen, S. O., Walton, R. T., & Hanke, W. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13121216 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Recent Marijuana Blunt Smoking Impacts Carbon Monoxide as a Measure of Adolescent Tobacco Abstinence
Moolchan, E. T., ZIMMERMAN, D., Sehnert, S. S., Zimmerman, D. L., Huestis, M. A., & Epstein, D. H. (2005) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-200048461 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Analysis of Agreement between Expired-Air Carbon Monoxide Monitors
Karelitz, J. L., Michael, V. C., & Perkins, K. A. (2016) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2015.18 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment
Moscato, U., Poscia, A., Gargaruti, R., Capelli, G., & Cavaliere, F. (2014) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-204 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Closing the Regulatory Gap for Synthetic Nicotine
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Plasma, salivary and urinary cotinine in non-smoker Italian women exposed and unexposed to environmental tobacco smoking (SEASD study)
Simoni, M., Baldacci, S., Puntoni, R., Pistelli, F., Farchi, S., Presti, E. L., Pistelli, R., Corbo, G. M., Agabiti, N., Basso, S., et al. (2006) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2006.098 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A transdisciplinary model to inform randomized clinical trial methods for electronic cigarette evaluation
Lopez, A. A., Cobb, C. O., Yingst, J. M., Veldheer, S., Hrabovsky, S., Yen, M.-S., Foulds, J., & Eissenberg, T. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2792-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Blood carbon monoxide levels as a function of daily cigarette consumption and physical activity.
Hawkins, L. (1976) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.33.2.123 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tobacco Use Classification by Inexpensive Urinary Cotinine Immunoassay Test Strips
Achilihu, H., Feng, J., Wang, L.-Q., & Bernert, J. (2018) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bky075 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Misreporting in a randomized clinical trial for smoking cessation in adolescents
Lantini, R., McGrath, A. C., Stein, L. A. R., Barnett, N. P., Monti, P. M., & Colby, S. M. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
TSNA levels in machine-generated mainstream cigarette smoke: 35years of data
Appleton, S. D., Olegario, R. M., & Lipowicz, P. J. (2013) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.03.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Meta-analysis of the Association of Exhaled Carbon Monoxide on Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis
Yu, S., Ruxin, Z., Yingjian, C., Jianqiu, C., Yanshen, W., & Li, G. (2010) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-009-8195-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Evaluation of Urinary Cotinine Immunoassay Test Strips Used to Assess Smoking Status
Yeh, E., Levasseur, G., & Kaiserman, M. J. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr127 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Development, validation, and application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in human hair
Yao, L., Yang, J., Guan, Y., Liu, B., Zheng, S., Wang, W.-M., Zhu, X., & Zhang, Z. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6356-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stability of the Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol in Urine Samples Stored at Various Temperatures
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Oral Fluid Nicotine Markers to Assess Smoking Status and Recency of Use
Scheidweiler, K. B., Marrone, G. F., Shakleya, D. M., Singleton, E. G., Heishman, S. J., & Huestis, M. A. (2011) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e318228ba39 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Estimating Cotinine Associations and a Saliva Cotinine Level to Identify Active Cigarette Smoking in Alaska Native Pregnant Women
Smith, J. J., Robinson, R. F., Khan, B. A., Sosnoff, C. S., & Dillard, D. A. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1241-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Impact of tobacco control policies on exhaled carbon monoxide in non-smokers
Tual, S., Piau, J., Jarvis, M. J., Dautzenberg, B., & Annesi‐Maesano, I. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.086256 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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TSNA exposure from cigarette smoking: 18Years of urinary NNAL excretion data
Appleton, S. D., Olegario, R. M., & Lipowicz, P. J. (2013) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.07.013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dipstick tests for secondhand smoke exposure
Best, D., Green, E. M., Smith, J. H., & Perry, D. C. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq043 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Optimal Carbon Monoxide Criteria to Confirm Smoking Status Among Postpartum Women
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TXT2STAYQUIT: Pilot Randomized Trial of Brief Automated Smoking Cessation Texting Intervention for Inpatient Smokers Discharged from the Hospital
Hammett, E., Veldheer, S., Hrabovsky, S., Yingst, J. M., Berg, A. S., Poole, E. S., Stauffer, D., & Foulds, J. (2018) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12788/jhm.2907 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: A 2022 update
Li, Y., & Hecht, S. S. (2022) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2022.113179 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
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Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention
Hecht, S. S., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2022) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-021-00423-4 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
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Efficacy of Smartphone Applications for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Bricker, J. B., Watson, N. L., Mull, K. E., Sullivan, B. M., & Heffner, J. L. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4055 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
DNA methylation-based predictors of health: applications and statistical considerations
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Defining and measuring abstinence in clinical trials of smoking cessation interventions: An updated review.
Piper, M. E., Bullen, C., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Rigotti, N., Steinberg, M., Streck, J. M., & Joseph, A. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz110 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
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Effectiveness of a Vaping Cessation Text Message Program Among Young Adult e-Cigarette Users
Graham, A. L., Amato, M. S., Cha, S., Jacobs, M. A., Bottcher, M. M., & Papandonatos, G. D. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1793 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Associations between smoke exposure and osteoporosis or osteopenia in a US NHANES population of elderly individuals
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Biochemistry of nicotine metabolism and its relevance to lung cancer
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Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial
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A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and network meta-analysis of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation
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Nicotine: From Discovery to Biological Effects
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A Vaping Cessation Text Message Program for Adolescent E-Cigarette Users
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Lung cancer screening implementation: Complexities and priorities
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Smoking Cessation Smartphone App Use Over Time: Predicting 12-Month Cessation Outcomes in a 2-Arm Randomized Trial
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Effectiveness of eHealth smoking cessation interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis
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Recognizing and Preventing Participant Deception in Online Nicotine and Tobacco Research Studies: Suggested Tactics and a Call to Action
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Effects of Combined Varenicline With Nicotine Patch and of Extended Treatment Duration on Smoking Cessation
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., Smith, S. S., Bolt, D. M., Stein, J. H., & Fiore, M. C. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.15333 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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A pilot feasibility study of a behavioral intervention for nicotine vaping cessation among young adults delivered via telehealth
Palmer, A. M., Tomko, R. L., Squeglia, L. M., Gray, K. M., Carpenter, M. J., Smith, T. T., Dahne, J., Toll, B. A., & McClure, E. A. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109311 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effectiveness of contingency management for smoking cessation in substance users: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Secades‐Villa, R., Diego, G. A., Pérez, Á. G., & González‐Roz, A. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000611 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Thomas, K. H., Dalili, M. N., López-López, J. A., Keeney, E., Phillippo, D., Munafo, M. R., Stevenson, M., Caldwell, D. M., & Welton, N. J. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15675 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mobile Health Interventions for Substance Use Disorders
Businelle, M. S., Perski, O., Hébert, E. T., & Kendzor, D. E. (2024) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-042337 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Associations Between E-cigarette Use and E-cigarette Flavors With Cigarette Smoking Quit Attempts and Quit Success: Evidence From a U.S. Large, Nationally Representative 2018–2019 Survey
Mok, Y., Jeon, J., Levy, D. T., & Meza, R. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac241 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of Telephone-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment in the Lung Cancer Screening Setting
Taylor, K. L., Williams, R. M., Li, T., Luta, G., Smith, L., Davis, K., Stanton, C. A., NIAURA, R. S., Abrams, D. B., Lobo, T., et al. (2022) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djac127 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cytisine Therapy Improved Smoking Cessation in the Randomized Screening and Multiple Intervention on Lung Epidemics Lung Cancer Screening Trial
Pastorino, U., Ladisa, V., Trussardo, S., Sabia, F., Rolli, L., Valsecchi, C., Ledda, R. E., Milanese, G., Suatoni, P., Boeri, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.007 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Urinary metabolites of multiple volatile organic compounds among pregnant women across pregnancy: Variability, exposure characteristics, and associations with selected oxidative stress biomarkers
Li, M., Wan, Y., Qian, X., Wang, A., Mahai, G., He, Z., Li, Y., Xu, S., & Xia, W. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107816 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cytisine for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ofori, S., Lu, C., Olasupo, O. O., Dennis, B. B., Fairbairn, N. S., Devereaux, P. J., & Mbuagbaw, L. C. E. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110936 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Quit Vaping Text Message Program in Promoting Abstinence Among Young Adult E-Cigarette Users: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
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Effect of financial voucher incentives provided with UK stop smoking services on the cessation of smoking in pregnant women (CPIT III): pragmatic, multicentre, single blinded, phase 3, randomised controlled trial
Tappin, D. M., Sinclair, L., Kee, F., McFadden, M., Robinson‐Smith, L., Mitchell, A. S., Keding, A., Watson, J. M., Watson, S., Dick, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071522 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Development of Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Smoking Cessation Outcome
Lai, C.-C., Huang, W.-H., Chang, B. C., & Hwang, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052584 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Validated single urinary assay designed for exposomic multi-class biomarkers of common environmental exposures
Jagani, R., Pulivarthi, D., Patel, D., Wright, R. J., Wright, R. O., Arora, M., Wolff, M. S., & Andra, S. S. (2022) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-022-04159-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Harm Reduction Associated with Dual Use of Cigarettes and e-Cigarettes in Black and Latino Smokers: Secondary Analyses from a Randomized Controlled e-Cigarette Switching Trial
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Commentary on Graham et al.: Biochemical verification of abstinence in remotely conducted smoking cessation trials should not be a universal design requirement for rigor
Heffner, J. L., & McClure, J. B. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15803 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Minor Tobacco Alkaloids as Biomarkers to Distinguish Combusted Tobacco Use From Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use. Two New Analytical Methods
Jacob, P., Chan, L., Cheung, P., Bello, K., Yu, L., Helen, G. S., & Benowitz, N. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.749089 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis of the Use of Remote Biochemical Verification Methods of Smoking Status in Tobacco Research
Thrul, J., Howe, C. L., Devkota, J., Alexander, A. C., Allen, A. M., Businelle, M. S., Hébert, E. T., Heffner, J. L., Kendzor, D. E., Ra, C. K., et al. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac271 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Authors: Benowitz, N. L., Bernert, J. T., Foulds, J., Hecht, S. S., Jacob, P., Jarvis, M. J., Joseph, A., Oncken, C., & Piper, M. E.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University College London (GB)
University of Connecticut (US)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Benowitz, Neal L
ORCID: Benowitz, Neal L
Foulds, Jonathan
Hecht, Stephen S
Jacob, Peyton
Jarvis, Martin J
Joseph, Anne
Oncken, Cheryl
Piper, Megan E
Venue: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2019-10-01
Volume: 22
Issue: 7
Pages: 1086-1097
ISSN: 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
1469-994X
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz132
PMC: PMC7882145
OpenAlex: W2978389675
Cited by: 619
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 6.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations: Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: tobacco use, smoking abstinence, biomarkers, cotinine, carbon monoxide, electronic cigarettes, NNAL, biological specimen, detection window
MeSH terms: Cigarette Smoking, Carbon Monoxide, Cotinine, Humans, Nicotine, United States, Biomarkers, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Products

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Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update

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