Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit
Open accessAbstract
Aims: We reviewed available research on the use, content and safety of electronic cigarettes ( EC ), and on their effects on users, to assess their potential for harm or benefit and to extract evidence that can guide future policy. Methods: Studies were identified by systematic database searches and screening references to F ebruary 2014. Results: EC aerosol can contain some of the toxicants present in tobacco smoke, but at levels which are much lower. Long‐term health effects of EC use are unknown but compared with cigarettes, EC are likely to be much less, if at all, harmful to users or bystanders. EC are increasingly popular among smokers, but to date there is no evidence of regular use by never‐smokers or by non‐smoking children. EC enable some users to reduce or quit smoking. Conclusions: Allowing EC to compete with cigarettes in the market‐place might decrease smoking‐related morbidity and mortality. Regulating EC as strictly as cigarettes, or even more strictly as some regulators propose, is not warranted on current evidence. Health professionals may consider advising smokers unable or unwilling to quit through other routes to switch to EC as a safer alternative to smoking and a possible pathway to complete cessation of nicotine use.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Vaping does not involve tobacco combustion, which is the primary source of harm from smoking cigarettes.
“Vaping has the advantage that it does not involve tobacco combustion, which is the primary source of harm from smoking cigarettes [7, 17].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Miech, R., Johnston, L. A., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J., & Patrick, M. E. (2005) · doi:10.3998/2027.42/146530 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes
Goniewicz, M. L., Knysak, J., Gawron, M., Kośmider, L., Sobczak, A., Kurek, J., Prokopowicz, A., Jabłońska‐Czapla, M., Rosik‐Dulewska, C., Havel, C. M., et al. (2013) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859 · Cited by 1,706 · see citing works
Self-citationElectronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial.
Bullen, C., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H., Parag, V., Williman, J., & Walker, N. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61842-5 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical toxicology of commercial products
(1964) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(64)80073-1 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Cibella, F., Morjaria, J. B., Caruso, M., Russo, C., & Polosa, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066317 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, an important group of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke
Hecht, S. S., & Hoffmann, D. (1988) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/9.6.875 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Adkison, S. E., O’Connor, R. J., Bansal‐Travers, M., Hyland, A. J., Borland, R., Yong, H., Cummings, K. M., McNeill, A. D., Thrasher, J. F., Hammond, D. G., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.018 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy
Etter, J., & Bullen, C. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, M., Villarreal, A., Bozhilov, K. N., Lin, S. C.-C., & Talbot, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057987 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Short-term Pulmonary Effects of Using an Electronic Cigarette
Vardavas, C. I., Anagnostopoulos, N., Kougias, M. S., Evangelopoulou, V., Connolly, G. N., & BEHRAKIS, P. K. (2011) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.11-2443 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Bullen, C., McRobbie, H., Thornley, S., Glover, M., Lin, R., & Laugesen, M. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031567 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Self-citatione-Cigarette Awareness, Use, and Harm Perceptions in US Adults
Pearson, J., Richardson, A. K., NIAURA, R. S., Vallone, D., & Abrams, D. B. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300526 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Electronic nicotine delivery systems: adult use and awareness of the ‘e-cigarette’ in the USA
Regan, A. K., Promoff, G. R., Dube, S. R., & Arrazola, R. A. (2011) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050044 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Brown, J., Beard, E., Kotz, D., Michie, S., & West, R. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12623 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
‘Vaping’ profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users
Dawkins, L., Turner, J. J., Roberts, A. D. L., & Soar, K. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12150 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Polosa, R., Caponnetto, P., Morjaria, J. B., Papale, G. A., Campagna, D., & Russo, C. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-786 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function
Flouris, A. D., Chorti, M. S., Poulianiti, K., Jamurtas, A. Z., Κostikas, Κ., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Hayes, A. W., Tsatsakis, A. M., & Koutedakis, Y. (2013) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.758197 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users
Etter, J. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-231 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping?
Schripp, T., Markewitz, D., Uhde, E., & Salthammer, T. (2012) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Secondhand Exposure to Vapors From Electronic Cigarettes
Czogała, J., Goniewicz, M. L., Fidelus, B., Zielińska-Danch, W., Travers, M. J., & Sobczak, A. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt203 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Awareness and Ever-Use of Electronic Cigarettes Among U.S. Adults, 2010-2011
King, B. A., Alam, S., Promoff, G. R., Arrazola, R. A., & Dube, S. R. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt013 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Use of Smoking-Cessation Treatments in the United States
Shiffman, S. S., Brockwell, S. E., Pillitteri, J. L., & Gitchell, J. G. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.033 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Vansickel, A. R., Cobb, C. O., Weaver, M. F., & Eissenberg, T. (2010) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0288 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationElectronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Bullen, C., Howe, C., & Laugesen, M. (2014) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.01.028 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Electronic Cigarette Use by College Students
Sutfin, E., McCoy, T., Morrell, H. E. R., Hoeppner, B., & Wolfson, M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.001 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Electronic Cigarettes: Effective Nicotine Delivery After Acute Administration
Vansickel, A. R., & Eissenberg, T. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr316 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationE-Cigarettes: Prevalence and Attitudes in Great Britain
Dockrell, M. J., Morrison, R., Bauld, L., & McNeill, A. D. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt057 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Lee, S., Grana, R. A., & Glantz, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.003 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
'The smoking toolkit study': a national study of smoking and smoking cessation in England
Fidler, J. A., Shahab, L., West, O., Jarvis, M. J., McEwen, A., Stapleton, J., Vangeli, E., & West, R. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-479 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality
McAuley, T. R., Hopke, P. K., Zhao, J., & Babaian, S. (2012) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.724728 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Goniewicz, M. L., Lingas, E. O., & Hájek, P. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00512.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The Use and Perception of Electronic Cigarettes and Snus among the U.S. Population
Zhu, S., Gamst, A. C., Lee, M., Cummins, S. E., Yin, L., & Zoref, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079332 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Mayer, B. (2013) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1127-0 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Electronic Cigarettes As a Smoking-Cessation Tool
Siegel, M., Tanwar, K. L., & Wood, K. S. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.006 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Farsalinos, K. E., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., & Voudris, V. A. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10062500 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users
Etter, J., & Bullen, C. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.028 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationFuoco, F. C., Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., & Vigo, P. (2013) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.010 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids
Behar, R. Z., Davis, B. A., Wang, Y., Bahl, V., Lin, S., & Talbot, P. (2013) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.006 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Alternative Tobacco Product Use and Smoking Cessation: A National Study
Popova, L., & Ling, P. M. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301070 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
An Unexpected Consequence of Electronic Cigarette Use
McCauley, L. M., Markin, C., & Hosmer, D. (2012) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.11-1334 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Goniewicz, M. L., Hájek, P., & McRobbie, H. J. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12410 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users
Dawkins, L., & Corcoran, O. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3249-8 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes
Etter, J., Zäther, E., & Svensson, S. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12235 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationTrehy, M. L., Ye, W., Hadwiger, M. E., Moore, T. W., Allgire, J. F., Woodruff, J. T., Ahadi, S., Black, J. C., & Westenberger, B. J. (2011) · Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies · doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.572213 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Kim, H., & Shin, H. (2013) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.035 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Choi, K., & Forster, J. L. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300947 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Impact of Flavour Variability on Electronic Cigarette Use Experience: An Internet Survey
Farsalinos, K. E., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Spyrou, A., & Voudris, V. A. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10127272 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Caponnetto, P., Auditore, R., Russo, C., Cappello, G. C., & Polosa, R. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10020446 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Use of Electronic Cigarettes Among State Tobacco Cessation Quitline Callers
Vickerman, K. A., Carpenter, K. M., Altman, T., Nash, C. M., & Zbikowski, S. M. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt061 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
A fresh look at tobacco harm reduction: the case for the electronic cigarette
Polosa, R., Rodu, B., Caponnetto, P., Maglia, M. G., & Raciti, C. (2013) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-10-19 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
(2013) · PubMed Central · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Electronic Cigarette Use Among Teenagers and Young Adults in Poland
Goniewicz, M. L., & Zielińska-Danch, W. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3448 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Eissenberg, T. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.033498 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationSafety of Nicotine Polacrilex Gum Used by 3,094 Participants in the Lung Health Study
Murray, R. P., Bailey, W. C., Daniels, K. A., Bjornson, W., Kurnow, K., Connett, J. E., Nides, M. A., & Kiley, J. P. (1996) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.109.2.438 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Romagna, G., Allifranchini, E., Bocchietto, E., Todeschi, S., Esposito, M., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2013) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs): views of aficionados and clinical/public health perspectives
Foulds, J., Veldheer, S., & Berg, A. S. (2011) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02751.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
McRobbie, H. J., Phillips, A. C., Goniewicz, M. L., Smith, K. M., Knight-West, O., Przulj, D., & Hájek, P. (2015) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0058 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationThe electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition
Dawkins, L., Turner, J. J., Hasna, S., & Soar, K. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Health-Related Effects Reported by Electronic Cigarette Users in Online Forums
Hua, M., Alfi, M., & Talbot, P. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2324 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Polosa, R., Morjaria, J. B., Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Russo, C., Alamo, A., Amaradio, M. D., & Fisichella, A. (2013) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-013-0977-z · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Farsalinos, K. E., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Savvopoulou, M., & Voudris, V. A. (2014) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-78 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Common Household Chemicals and the Allergy Risks in Pre-School Age Children
Choi, H., Schmidbauer, N., Sundell, J., Hasselgren, M., Spengler, J. D., & Bornehag, C. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013423 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Use of Emerging Tobacco Products in the United States
McMillen, R. C., Maduka, J., & Winickoff, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2012/989474 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions: Table 1
Cameron, J. M., Howell, D. N., White, J. R., Andrenyak, D. M., Layton, M. E., & Roll, J. M. (2013) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050604 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette
Vansickel, A. R., Weaver, M. F., & Eissenberg, T. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03791.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count
Flouris, A. D., Poulianiti, K., Chorti, M. S., Jamurtas, A. Z., Kouretas, D., Owolabi, E., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Tsatsakis, A. M., & Koutedakis, Y. (2012) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.025 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Electronic-Cigarette Smoking Experience Among Adolescents
Cho, J. H., Shin, E., & Moon, S.-S. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.001 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
FDA Summary of Adverse Events on Electronic Cigarettes
Chen (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts145 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Electronic nicotine delivery systems: is there a need for regulation?
Trtchounian, A., & Talbot, P. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037259 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Chatham‐Stephens, K., Law, R., Taylor, E., Melstrom, P. C., Bunnell, R. E., Wang, B., Apelberg, B. J., & Schier, J. G. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Nicotine Blood Levels and Short-term Smoking Reduction with an Electronic Nicotine Delivery System
Nides, M. A., Leischow, S. J., Bhatter, M., & Simmons, M. (2013) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.38.2.12 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry
Varughese, S., Teschke, K., Brauer, M. D., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.20151 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Saliva cotinine levels in users of electronic cigarettes
Etter, J., & Bullen, C. (2011) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00066011 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationElectronic cigarettes: achieving a balanced perspective
Wagener, T. L., Siegel, M., & Borrelli, B. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03826.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Bullen, C., Williman, J. A., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H. J., Parag, V., & Walker, N. K. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-210 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotine intake and dose response when smoking reduced–nicotine content cigarettes
BENOWITZ, N., JACOBIII, P., & HERRERA, B. (2006) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual differences in nicotine intake per cigarette.
Patterson, F., Benowitz, N. L., Shields, P. G., Kaufmann, V., Jepson, C., Wileyto, P., Kucharski, S., & Lerman, C. E. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationEdelmann, F., Tomaschitz, A., Wachter, R., Gelbrich, G., Knoke, M., Düngen, H., Pilz, S., Binder, L., Stahrenberg, R., Schmidt, A. G., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr292 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Global Tobacco Surveillance System
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2006.015719 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Do e-Cigarettes Have the Potential to Compete With Conventional Cigarettes?
Králíková, E., Novák, J., West, O., Pánková, A., & Hájek, P. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.12-2842 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Levels of saliva cotinine in electronic cigarette users.
Etter, J. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12475 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationElectronic nicotine delivery systems: regulatory and safety challenges: Singapore perspective
Cheah, N. P., Chong, N. W. L., Tan, J., et al. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050483 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Caponnetto, P., Polosa, R., Russo, C., Leotta, C., & Campagna, D. (2011) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-585 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products
Mn, G., Gosselin, R. E., & Hodge, H. C. (1959) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-195901000-00024 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Should electronic cigarettes be as freely available as tobacco cigarettes? No
Chapman, S. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f3840 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Should electronic cigarettes be as freely available as tobacco? Yes
Etter, J.-F. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f3845 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationWagener, T. L., Meier, E. M., Hale, J. J., Oliver, E., Warner, M. L., Driskill, L. M., Gillaspy, S. R., Siegel, M., & Foster, S. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt138 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dawkins, L., Turner, J. J., & Crowe, E. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-2983-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kasza, K. A., Bansal‐Travers, M., O’Connor, R. J., et al. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt212 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Use of electronic cigarettes among young Swiss men
Douptcheva, N., Gmel, G. E., Studer, J., Deline, S., & Etter, J. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203152 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationFong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., & Shopland, D. R. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2006.017244 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The use and acceptability of electronic cigarettes among New Zealand smokers.
Li, J., Bullen, C., Newcombe, R., et al. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Achieving appropriate regulations for electronic cigarettes
Saitta, D., Ferro, G. A., & Polosa, R. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622314521271 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes as a method of tobacco control
Borland, R. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d6269 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Farsalinos, K. E., & Romagna, G. (2013) · Clinical Medicine Insights Case Reports · doi:10.4137/ccrep.s11175 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Should e-cigarettes be regulated as a medicinal device?
Hajek, P., Foulds, J., Houezec, J. L., Sweanor, D., & Yach, D. (2013) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70124-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationCzogała, J., Cholewiński, M., Kutek, A., et al. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Smoking prevalence in England is below 20% for the first time in 80 years
Brown, J., & West, R. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1378 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lynas, K. (2013) · Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada · doi:10.1177/1715163513494597 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lynas, K. (2013) · Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada · doi:10.1177/1715163513482711 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update
Benowitz, N. L., Bernert, J. T., Foulds, J., Hecht, S. S., Jacob, P., Jarvis, M. J., Joseph, A., Oncken, C., & Piper, M. E. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz132 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Self-citationWills, T. A., Knight, R., Sargent, J. D., Gibbons, F. X., Pagano, I., & Williams, R. J. (2017) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052705 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Kristjansson, A. L., Mann, M. J., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.014 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Martinelli, T., Candel, M. J. J. M., de Vries, H., Talhout, R., Knapen, V., van Schayck, C. P., & Nagelhout, G. E. (2023) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056528 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hajek, P., Przulj, D., Pesola, F., Griffiths, C., Walton, R., McRobbie, H., Coleman, T., Lewis, S., Whitemore, R., Clark, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01808-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of major risk factors and use of screening tests for cancer in the United States
Fedewa, S. A., Sauer, A. G., Siegel, R. L., & Jemal, A. (2015) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0134 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hajek, P., Phillips-Waller, A., Przulj, D., Pesola, F., Smith, K. M., Bisal, N., Li, J., Parrott, S., Sasieni, P., Dawkins, L., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23430 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAddiction-Related Outcomes of Nicotine and Alcohol Co-use: New Insights Following the Rise in Vaping
Frie, J. A., Nolan, C. J., Murray, J. E., & Khokhar, J. Y. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab231 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes.
Ussher, M., Fleming, J., & Brose, L. (2024) · BMC pregnancy and childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06633-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Vaping involves heating liquid which typically contains flavourings, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine [7], and results in the formation of carcinogens and toxicants, including nitrosamines, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, which…”
Background
- Authors
- Hajek, P., Etter, J., Benowitz, N., Eissenberg, T., & McRobbie, H.
- Affiliations
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McRobbie, Hayden
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-07-31
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1801-1810
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- PMC
- PMC4487785
- OpenAlex
- W2121853742
- Semantic Scholar
- cbaed68727c2a9fd4c69fa3fed2a0789c8c9d4c5
- Cited by
- 546
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 19 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council (MR/K023195/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007489/1)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA 02277, R01DA002277, P50DA036105)
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA180890)
- Center for Tobacco Products (P50DA036105, P50CA180890)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- electronic cigarettes, e-cigarette aerosol, harm reduction, smoking cessation, never smokers, children, e-cigarette regulation, health policy, nicotine use
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Humans, Nicotine, Safety, Risk Assessment, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
