Acute alcohol withdrawal and recovery in men lead to profound changes in DNA methylation profiles: a longitudinal clinical study
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Background and Aims: Withdrawal is a serious and sometimes life‐threatening event in alcohol‐dependent individuals. It has been suggested that epigenetic processes may play a role in this context. This study aimed to identify genes and pathways involved in such processes which hint to relevant mechanisms underlying withdrawal. Design: Cross‐sectional case–control study and longitudinal within‐cases study during alcohol withdrawal and after 2 weeks of recovery Setting: Addiction medicine departments in two university hospitals in southern Germany. Participants/Cases: Ninety‐nine alcohol‐dependent male patients receiving in‐patient treatment and suffering from severe withdrawal symptoms during detoxification and 95 age‐matched male controls. Measurements: Epigenome‐wide methylation patterns were analyzed in patients during acute alcohol withdrawal and after 2 weeks of recovery, as well as in age‐matched controls using Illumina EPIC bead chips. Methylation levels of patients and controls were tested for association with withdrawal status. Tests were adjusted for technical and batch effects, age, smoking and cell type distribution. Single‐site analysis, as well as an analysis of differentially methylated regions and gene ontology analysis, were performed. Findings: We found pronounced epigenome‐wide significant [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05] differences between patients during withdrawal and after 2 weeks [2876 cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) sites], as well as between patients and controls (9845 and 6094 CpG sites comparing patients at time‐point 1 and patients at time‐point 2 versus controls, respectively). Analysis of differentially methylated regions and involved pathways revealed an over‐representation of gene ontology terms related to the immune system response. Differences between patients and controls diminished after recovery (> 800 CpG sites less), suggesting a partial reversibility of alcohol‐ and withdrawal‐related methylation. Conclusions: Acute alcohol withdrawal in severely dependent male patients appears to be associated with extensive changes in epigenome‐wide methylation patterns. In particular, genes involved in immune system response seem to be affected by this condition.
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Recognizing the neurobiological underpinnings of loneliness could inform new treatment pathways.
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From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [81]
The Discussion (p. 2040) addresses DNA methylation, immune responses, and alcohol withdrawal, not loneliness. Searches for loneliness-related neurobiology and treatment pathways found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Witt, S. H., Frank, J., Frischknecht, U., Treutlein, J., Streit, F., Foo, J. C., Sirignano, L., Dukal, H., Degenhardt, F., Koopmann, A., Hoffmann, S., Koller, G., Pogarell, O., Preuss, U. W., Zill, P., Adorjan, K., Schulze, T. G., Nöthen, M., Spanagel, R., Kiefer, F., & Rietschel, M.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Institut für Psychiatrische Phänomik und Genomik (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Witt, Stephanie H.
- ORCID
- Witt, Stephanie H.
- Frank, Josef
- Frischknecht, Ulrich
- Treutlein, Jens
- Streit, Fabian
- Foo, Jerome C.
- Sirignano, Lea
- Dukal, Helene
- Degenhardt, Franziska
- Koopmann, Anne
- Hoffmann, Sabine
- Koller, Gabi
- Pogarell, Oliver
- Preuss, Ulrich W.
- Zill, Peter
- Adorjan, Kristina
- Schulze, Thomas G.
- Nöthen, Markus
- Spanagel, Rainer
- Kiefer, Falk
- Rietschel, Marcella
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-03-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2034-2044
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W3007904324
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digitalen Hochschulbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt (Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01ZX1311A, 01ZX1314G, 01ZX1909A, EE1406C)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RI908/11‐2, WI3439/3‐2, WI3439/3–2, RI908/11–2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
- Keywords
- acute alcohol withdrawal, alcoholism, DNA methylation, epigenetics, alcohol recovery, immune response, differentially methylated regions, male patients, alcohol detoxification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Cross-Sectional Studies, Germany, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Case-Control Studies, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Genome-Wide Association Study, Young Adult
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